Sucker rods

In addition to pressure maintenance in a resei voir, there are other ways to maintain or improve well productivity as the formation pressure falls. A pump can be used to raise the oil, a process called artificial lift. One type is the familiar beam pump with its surface power unit driving up and down one end of a center-mounted beam while the other end executes the opposite down-up motion. The second end is attached to a string of sucker rods that extend down to the bottom of the well and operate a pump arrangement, consisting of a cylinder, plunger, and one-way A alves. Other types of pumps in use eliminate the sucker rod and may have the power unit at... 

Mast setup distance The distance from the centerline of the well to a designated point on the mast structure defined by a manufacturer to assist in the setup of the rig. Maximum rated static hook load The sum of the weight applied at the hook and the traveling equipment for the designated location of the dead line anchor and the specified number of drilling lines without any pipe setback, sucker rod, or wind loadings. 

The manufacturer shall establish the reduced rated static hook loads for the same conditions under which the maximum rated static hook loads apply, but with the addition of the pipe-setback and sucker-rod loadings. The reduced rated static hook loads shall be expressed as percentages of the maximum rated static hook loads. Thus, the portable mast ratings in Standard 4D include a safety factor of 2 to allow for wind and impact loads, and require the manufacturer to specify further capacity reductions due to setback. 

Metal components of anchors should be galvanized or otherwise protected against corrosion. Sucker rods should not be used in anchor construction. Anchor location should be marked with a stake if projections aboveground are subject to bending or other abuse. 

Tubing and sucker rod kooks Hooks connected to the traveling block for tubing and sucker-rod hoisting operations. 

Balls for valves of oil-field sucker-rod pumps (Si3N4). 

The wax content of crude petroleum in itself is of no immediate concern to the refiner, although it may be a major problem to the producer because of waxing up of well casing and sucker rods. It may cause difficulty in transportation of the raw crude oil, and wax settling out in tanks may also become troublesome. The refiner, however, is concerned with wax occurring in the oils to be processed and in the finished oils. The major portion of waxes present in crude petroleum boil in the same range as the lubricating oils produced from the crude oil, so that the wax and oil cannot be separated by distillation. Waxes are... 

Wang et al. (2004a) reported that excessive eccentric sucker-rod wear with beam pumps occurred when the produced fluid contained more than 100 mg/L polymer. The service life of rods was approximately only half a year, a 75% reduction compared to the rod life in waterflooding (waterflood producers with beam pumps had a service life of approximately 2 years). Wang et al. (2004c) also reported that based on the statistical data in the year 2000, 880 wells had been eccentrically worn in 2,365 rod-pumped wells, producing fluids containing polymer. Compared to the wells with no polymer before the year 1997, the number of wells with eccentric wear had increased by 840. Thirty-six percent of wells suffered the eccentric wear. The pump service work wells had also increased from 3.2% in 1997 to 27.1% in 2000 because of eccentric wear in rod-pumped wells. The main cause of eccentric wear on sucker rods was the normal stress of polymer solution, as explained next. 

The normal force versns eccentricity and sncker rod velocity is shown in Fignres 6.30 and 6.31, respectively. Fignre 6.30 shows that as the eccentricity is increased, the normal force is increased significantly. In the case in which the initial eccentricity is small, it will be increased because of the effect of the normal force. If the eccentricity is increased, the normal force will become larger, and the eccentricity will be increased further. Finally, the sucker rod will touch the tubing to canse eccentric wear. The positive values in the abscissa in Figure 6.31 represent the downstroke of the rod, and the negative values... 

FIGURE 6.31 Relationship between normal force and sucker rod velocity. In the figure, tubing diameter = 2Vs in., rod diameter = 1 in., relaxation time = 0.019 s, fluid sheared viscosity = 20 cP, and eccentricity = 0.8. Source Liu et al. (2006a). 

OiT well sucker rod guides. These components must not only tolerate the extreme temperatures of deep oil wells, but must remain unaffected by the hot oil and corrosive liquids. 

Sucker rods Pultrusion Roving Polyester Vinyl ester... 

Oilfield activity has benefited from relatively high prices of crude oil in 2001 to 2003 but that has not translated into more exploration nor any more production of plastics such as RP down-hole pipe, line pipe, or sucker rods for the oil patch. Crude prices peaked in 2000 and drilling rig activity declined along with pricing since then. Industrial production indices for this business have been flat through 2002, and 2003 show more of the same. New investments declined about 8% in 2003 and expect the same decline in 2004. The price for West Texas Intermediate was 26 per barrel late in 2002 and ranged firom 25-26 per barrel in 2003. 

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