Potassium permanganate solubility

Chakactkrisation of Unsaturatkd Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Unlike the saturated hydrocarbons, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons are soluble in concentrated sulphuric acid and exhibit characteristic reactions with dUute potassium permanganate solution and with bromine. Nevertheless, no satisfactory derivatives have yet been developed for these hydrocarbons, and their characterisation must therefore be based upon a determination of their physical properties (boiling point, density and refractive index). The physical properties of a number of selected unsaturated hydrocarbons are collected in Table 111,11. 

Oxidation of side chains. Aromatic nitro compounds that contain a side chain (e.g., nitro derivatives of alkyl benzenes) may be oxidised to the corresponding acids either by alkahne potassium permanganate (Section IV,9, 6) or, preferably, with a sodium dichromate - sulphuric acid mixture in which medium the nitro compound is more soluble. 

The solubihty of potassium permanganate in aqueous potassium hydroxide (108) is shown in Figure 7. Permanganates are soluble in certain nonaqueous solvents such as hquid NH, but not in hquid SO2. Organic solvents such as glacial acetic acid, acetone, acetonitrile, tert-huty alcohol. 

The common treatment methods are acidification, neutralization, and incineration. When oxahc acid is heated slightly in sulfuric acid, it is converted to carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and water. Reaction with acid potassium permanganate converts it to carbon dioxide. Neutralization with alkahes, such as caustic soda, yields soluble oxalates. Neutralization with lime gives practically insoluble calcium oxalate, which can be safely disposed of, for instance, by incineration. 

To prepare sabinenic acid for the identification of the terpene, Wallach operates as follows 10 grams of the crude terpene are mixed with the theoretical amount of potassium permanganate in water at ice temperature. The oxide of manganese is filtered off, the liquid rendered acid and extracted with ether, and the ethereal solution shaken with caustic soda solution. The sodium salt is very sparingly soluble, and is precipitated, collected, and decomposed with dilute sulphuric acid and purified by a further solution in ether. It must be well dried in a desiccator before its melting-point is determined. Sabinene has the following constitution —... 

Besides the technical method starting from naphthalene, phthalic acid and its substituted derivatives can be prepared by oxidation of o-xylene to phthalic acid with potassium permanganate. This compound can be subsequently transformed via an anhydride, imide, and amide to a derivative of phthalonitrile, which is the more convenient starting material for several coordination compounds. The synthesis of the ferf-butyl-substituted dicarbonitrile, which is a very common starting material for highly soluble phthalocyanines, is shown below.97,105... 

Starch, soluble according to Zulkowsky Potassium permanganate Hydrochloric acid (32%)... 

The effect of inorganic additives upon ignition delay in anilinium nitrate-red finning nitric acid systems was examined. The insoluble compounds copper(I) chloride, potassium permanganate, sodium pentacyanonitrosylferrate and vanadium(V) oxide were moderately effective promoters, while the soluble ammonium or sodium metavanadates were very effective, producing vigorous ignition. 

Chemical/Physical. Reacts with strong acids forming water-soluble salts. Also reacts with potassium permanganate forming tetraphenyl hydrazine (Zbozinek, 1984). In water, diphenylamine reacted with OH radicals at a rate of 4.9 x lO /M-h at 25 °C (Armbrust, 2000). 

Trimble, H.M. The solubility of potassium permanganate in solutions of potassium sulfate and of sodium sulfate, / Am. Cbem. 5oc., 44(3) 451-460, 1922. 

The nitrosodisulfonate salts, particularly the dipotassium salt called Fremy s salt, are useful reagents for the selective oxidation of phenols and aromatic amines to quinones (the Teuber reaction). - Dipotassium nitrosodisulfonate has been prepared by the oxidation of a hydroxylaminedisulfonate salt with potassium permanganate, " with lead dioxide, or by electrolysis. This salt is also available commercially. The present procedure illustrates the electrolytic oxidation to form an alkaline aqueous solution of the relatively soluble disodium nitrosodisulfonate. This procedure avoids a preliminary filtration which is required to remove manganese dioxide formed when potassium permanganate is used as the oxidant. " ... 

Potassium permanganate, approximately saturated solution - (Note wear rubber gloves to prevent staining hands.) dissolve 50 g KMnO in I I water (solubility = 65 g at 20°C). Store in a brown glass bottle. 

Mercury is most accurately determined by the cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopic method. The instrument is set at the wavelength 253.7 nm. The metal, its salts and organic derivatives in aqueous solution can be measured by this method. The solution or the solid compounds are digested with nitric acid to convert into water-soluble mercury(ll) nitrate, followed by treatment with potassium permanganate and potassium persulfate under careful heating. The excess oxidants in the solution are reduced with NaCl-hydroxylamine sulfate. The solution is treated with stannous chloride and aerated. The cold Hg vapor volatdizes into the absorption cell where absorbance is measured. 

Addition of potassium permanganate removes colored impurities that otherwise persist through subsequent distillations of the acid. The maximum concentration of potassium permanganate in water at room temperature is about 5%. It may be more convenient to use a concentrated solution of sodium permanganate, which is very soluble in water. However, the end point is difficult to observe with sodium permanganate. 

Decomposition was initiated by the addition of a concentrated aqueous solution of calcium and sodium permanganate to the hydrogen peroxide. The use of potassium permanganate proved ineffective since KMn04 is insufficiently soluble in water and the solution contains inadequate MnO -ions for rapid initiation of the reaction. 

The more finely divided the manganese dioxide the more rapid will be the reaction, so that the precipitated reagent is better than finely powdered pyrolusite. It is still better to prepare the precipitated hydroxide Mn(OH)4, by reducing the necessary quantity of potassium permanganate in neutral solution with alcohol and washing the precipitate from soluble potassium salts by decantation. 

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