Potassium chloride viscosity

KCl-polymer (potassium chloride-polymer) muds can be classified as low solids-polymer muds or as inhibitive muds, due to their application to drilling in water-sensitive, sloughing shales. The use of polymers and the concentration of potassium chloride provide inhibition of shales and clays for maximum hole stability. The inverted flow properties (high yield point, low plastic viscosity) achieved with polymers and prehydrated bentonite provide good hole cleaning with minimum hole erosion. 

Mobility of Ions in D20. The viscosity of liquid D20 at room temperature has a value 1,232 times the viscosity of H20. Since the D2O and HaO molecules are so similar in other respects, we should expect the mobility of ions dissolved in D20 to be smaller than in H20. The conductivity of potassium chloride and potassium acetate was measured in mixtures of D20 and H20 up to a composition containing 97 per cent of D20.1 The values for ions in D2O, given in Table 7, were obtained by extrapolation from values obtained in the mixed solvent containing a few per cent of H20. As was expected, the conductivity in D20 was found to be smaller than in H20. But the change was not quite so great as the change in the viscosity, as is shown by the ratios in the last column of Table 7. We must conclude that, for some or all of the ions, the... 

Other physical phenomena that may be associated, at least partially, with complex formation are the effect of a salt on the viscosity of aqueous solutions of a sugar and the effect of carbohydrates on the electrical conductivity of aqueous solutions of electrolytes. Measurements have been made of the increase in viscosity of aqueous sucrose solutions caused by the presence of potassium acetate, potassium chloride, potassium oxalate, and the potassium and calcium salt of 5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid.81 Potassium acetate has a greater effect than potassium chloride, and calcium ion is more effective than potassium ion. Conductivities of 0.01-0.05 N aqueous solutions of potassium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium sulfate, sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium hydroxide, and sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, and calcium sulfate, in both the presence and absence of sucrose, have been determined by Selix.88 At a sucrose concentration of 15° Brix (15.9 g. of sucrose/100 ml. of solution), an increase of 1° Brix in sucrose causes a 4% decrease in conductivity. Landt and Bodea88 studied dilute aqueous solutions of potassium chloride, sodium chloride, barium chloride, and tetra-... 

The polymerisation is carried out in a reactor with an agitator and a water vapour jacket in the presence of a catalyst (10-12% alcohol solution of potassium hydroxide) at 20+5 °C. The polymerisation is continued until the product attains a certain viscosity after that, the reactor is loaded with a required amount of dimethyldichlorosilane to break the chain, with an addition of toluene to dilute the varnish. The polymer is treated with dimethyldichlorosilane for 3-5 hours at agitation the end of the stage is monitored by the universal indicator. The varnish is filtered to eliminate mechanical impurities and potassium chloride and sent to repeated toluene distillation, which is continued until the varnish attains the necessary viscosity and polymer content. 

Procedure Determine the absorbance of each solution with a suitable spectrophotometer and in 1-cm cells at the maximum at about 375 nm, using sodium carbonate TS as the blank. The absorbance of the Sample Preparation is equal to or greater than that of the Standard Preparation. Viscosity Prepare two identical solutions, each containing 1% of sample and 1% of potassium chloride in water, and stir for 2 h. Determine the viscosity (Vj) of one solution at 23.9° as directed in the Procedure under Viscosity of Cellulose Gum, Appendix IIB, using a No. 3 spindle rotating at 60 rpm (Brookfield, or equivalent). The viscosity thus determined is not less than 600 cp. Determine the viscosity (V2) of the other solution in the same manner, but maintain the temperature at 65.6°. The ratio of the viscosities, V1/V2, is between 1.02 and 1.45. 

A magnetic field has no appreciable influence on the viscosity of a paramagnetic solution. 5 The dependence of viscosity on temperature for potassium chloride solutions follows equation (13), 9.VIII E. 

Rool-inean-square End-lo-end Distance (xa ) for Amylose Fractions in Aqueous Potassium Chloride Solution. (Values from light-scattering measurements (L.S.) compared with those calculated from viscosity data. )... 

Neutral salts, such as sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, and thorium nitrate, have only a small influence on the viscosity of aqueous solutions of the gum a slight increase can be detected. It is noteworthy that sodium hydroxide changes the viscosity to a high degree, as shown in Figure 4. 

Feakins and Lawrence measured the relative viscosities of sodium and potassium chlorides and bromides in NMF from 25 to 45°C and expressed the data by an expanded Jones-Dole equation. The viscosity coefficients, A, and were evaluated. While both and have positive values for every electrolyte studied in NMF, they are much smaller than the corresponding quantities in other organic solvents. The difference between the theoretical and experimental values of may be either positive or negative. 

The final fermentation broth is diluted with water in ordo- to decrease viscosity and centrifu for partial removal of the cells. Then the product is precipitated by addition of methanol or i-prq >anol in the presence of 2%w/w potassium chloride. Other recovery methods proposed are drum-drying or... 

MIGRATION MECHANISM OF HYDROGEN AND HYDROXYL IONS. VIM. EFFECT OF THE COMPOSITION OF GLYCEROL-WATER MIXTURES ON THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND VISCOSITY OF DISSOLVED HYDROCHLORIC ACID, POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE, POTASSIUM FLUORIDE, AND POTASSIUM CHLORIDE AT 5 AND 25 DEGREES. 

The change of potassium chloride aqueous solution concentration has a similar influence on the granulometric composition of the antiagglomerator (Figure 4.20). However, in this case, the dependencies are smoother, without any prominent bends, and the particle diameter decreases with the growth of the initial reactant concentration. This is obviously related to the increased viscosity of potassium stearate, which also explains the extremely low value of the reactant concentration of no more than 15 wt%. At a fixed ratio of the initial reactant concentration, an increase of the solid-phase content of the obtained calcium stearate suspension, results in the growth of the particle size. In all cases, particles of minimal experimental diameter can be obtained in the reaction within a tubular turbulent reactor of diffuser-confusor design. 

Fig. 6. Variations of the zero-shear complex viscosity with potassium chloride concentration at 40 °C. Experimental conditions correspond to zone I in Fig. 3.

Xanthan is elaborated in a submerged aerobic fermentation process. The primary carbon source is 2-3% (w/v) D-glucose, although sucrose and starch can also be used. During the fermentation, the viscosity of the culture liquor progressively increases. After the fermentation is complete, the liquor is diluted with water to lower the viscosity, and the cells are removed. The xanthan is then precipitated by the addition of methanol or 2-propanol to 50% (v/v) to the cell-free liquor in the presence of 2% (w/v) potassium chloride. 

E.M. Kartzmark, Densities, viscosities, and conductances of saturated solutions in the systems mercuric chloride-hydrogen chloride-water, mercuric chloride-potassium chloride-water, and mercuric chloride-indium chloride-water at 25°C,. Chem. Eng. Data, 27,1982,38-41. 

A single potassium chloride crystal about 0.063 cm in diameter, which is immersed in a 5.2% supersaturated solution containing about 25 wt% potassium chloride, is growing at a rate of 0.0013 cm/min. If the system is well mixed, this growth is second order, presumably because both potassium and chloride ions are involved. In our case, the solution may not be well mixed it flows past the crystal at 6 cm/sec. The solution s viscosity is about 1.05 cp its density is 1.2 g/cm, and the crystal s density is 1.984 g/ cm. Does diffusion influence the rate of crystal growth Answer Diffusion is about 25% of the total resistance. 

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