Portable biosensor

As an outlook, the optimization of the efficiency of microorganisms with methods of genetic engineering will result in an increased sensitivity, selectivity, and stability, in connection with the further miniaturization of biosensor systems, especially the development of portable biosensor measuring devices, represents a promising feature for environmental monitoring by microbial... 

Consumption of organic solvents avoided. Direct analysis of contaminants in water Minimal, noncontaminating waste Faster analysis real-time detection and high throughput Availability of portable biosensor systems Applicable to early-warning and on-site monitoring Nonqualified personnel required user-friendly Equipment cost-effective... 

Fare TL etal 1993 Portable biosensors for pesticides and toxic organics Proc. 3rd Int. USEPA/A WMA Symp. on Field Screening for Hazardous Wastes and Toxic Chemicals VIP33 (Pittsburgh, PA Air and Waste Management Association) pp 721-31... 

Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) (1996) Salmonella in food, automated conductance methods AOAC official method 991.38, in Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 16th edn, AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD. Grossi, M., Lanzoni, M., Pompei, A., Lazzarini, R., Matteuzzi, D., and Ricco, B. (2010) An embedded portable biosensor system for bacterial concentration detection. Biosens. Bioelectron., 26, 983-990. 

Recently several methods were developed for fast prototyping and mass production of micro- and nanostructures in polymers. Injection moulding is one of the techniques, which is commonly used with great success. Improvement in patterning, structuring [32] or bonding [33] of those materials is essential for the creation of low cost and portable biosensors. However, in this work, we do not focus on these fabrication methods, rather we describe some specific polymers which are commonly used in biosensor designs. 

Cancer diagnostics often needs a discrimination of genomic mutations in DNA sequences or special NA structures (miRNA) which can cause various diseases including cancer. SERS technique is very promising for mutation and single nucleotide polymorphisms detection because of the possibility of spatial multiplexing at array format linked with a portable biosensor device. Mahajan and co-workers reported such SERS-based approach using Au substrates prepared by... 

Khaled E, Kamel MS, Hassan HNA, Abdel-Gawad H, Aboul-Enein HY (2014) Performance of a portable biosensor for the analysis of ethion residues. Talanta 119 467-472... 

The design and implementation of a portable fiber-optic cholinesterase biosensor for the detection and determination of pesticides carbaryl and dichlorvos was presented by Andreou81. The sensing bioactive material was a three-layer sandwich. The enzyme cholinesterase was immobilized on the outer layer, consisting of hydrophilic modified polyvinylidenefluoride membrane. The membrane was in contact with an intermediate sol-gel layer that incorporated bromocresol purple, deposited on an inner disk. The sensor operated in a static mode at room temperature and the rate of the inhibited reaction served as an analytical signal. This method was successfully applied to the direct analysis of natural water samples (detection and determination of these pesticides), without sample pretreatment, and since the biosensor setup is fully portable (in a small case), it is suitable for in-field use. 

Andreou V., Clonis Y., A portable fiber-optic pesticide biosensor based on immobilized cholinesterase and sol-gel entrapped bromocresol purple for in-field use, Biosens. Bioelectr. 2002 17 61-69. 

The Array Biosensor developed at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) is an automated, portable detection device for simultaneous analysis of up to six samples for multiple analytes with the size of a shoebox (Figure 10) 42-43. 

Figure 10. The automated, portable Array Biosensor (Golden et al., 2004) and an image from an array used to detect six samples simultaneously for six biothreat agents in 12 minutes49.

Tempelman L.A., King K.D., Anderson G.P., Ligler F.S., Quantitating staphylococcal enterotoxin B in diverse media using a portable fiber optic biosensor, Anal. Biochem. 1996 223 50-57. 

Anderson G.P., Rowe-Taitt C.A., Water quality monitoring using an automated portable fiber optic biosensor RAPTOR, Proc. SPIE 4206 58-63, 2001. 

Taitt C.R., Golden J.P., Shubin Y.S., Shriver-Lake L.C., Sapsford K.E., Rasooly A., Ligler F.S. A portable array biosensor for detecting multiple analytes in complex samples, J. Microbiol. Ecol. 2003 Feb 9. 

Fiber optic biosensor is one of the first commercially available optical biosensors, marketed by Research International (Monroe, WA) for the detection of foodborne as well as pathogens of biosecurity importance. The manual version of the instrument is called Analyte 2000 and the portable semiautomated version is called RAPTOR . ... 

Zhao, M, et al. (2004), A portable fill-and-flow channel biosensor with an electrode to predict the effect of interferences. Electroanalysis, 16 (15), 1221-26. 

In general, the commercially available biosensors in the food industry are based on a very similar technology, either an oxygen electrode or a hydrogen peroxide electrode in conjunction with an immobilised oxidase. They are available in several forms, such as autoanalysers, manual laboratory instruments and portable devices. Nevertheless,... 

Protein phosphatase inhibition is usually detected by colorimetric methods, but the development of a biosensor requires the search of other transduction techniques. Electrochemistry has been widely used in biosensors because of the simplicity, easy to use, portability, disposability and cost-effectiveness of the devices. As protein phosphatase is not an oxidoreductase enzyme, our work has been devoted to the investigation of novel enzymatic substrates, electrochemically active only after their dephosphorylation by the protein phosphatase. Nevertheless, colorimetric assays have been used for the optimisation of several experimental parameters. 

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