Pond odors

Choice of Pond Odors by Newts, Frogs, and Toads... 

Anaerobic ponds are loaded such that anaerobic conditions prevail throughout the Hquid volume. One of the major problems with anaerobic ponds is the generation of odors. The odor problem can frequentiy be eliminated by the addition of sodium nitrate at a dosage equal to 20% of the appHed oxygen demand. An alternative is the use of a stratified facultative lagoon, in which aerators are suspended 3 meters below the Hquid surface in order to maintain aerobic surface conditions, with anaerobic digestion occurring at the lower depths. 

Landfills in wet areas. Because of the problems associated with contamination of local groundwaters, the development of odors, and structural stabihty, landfills must be avoided in wetlands. If wet areas such as ponds, pits, or quarries must be used as landfill sites, special provisions must be made to contain or ehminate the movement of leachate and gases from completed cells. Usually this is accomplished by first draining the site and then lining the bottom with a clay liner or other appropriate sealants. If a clay uner is used, it is important to continue operation of the drainage facility until the site is filled to avoid the creation of uplift pressures that could cause the liner to rupture from heaving. 

TSUCHIYA, Y., The Basic Research on the Causes of Odours in Water. Studies on Odorous Materials in the Water of the Pond of Taira at Miyakejima , Tokyo Toritsu Eisei Kenkyusho Kenkyu Nempo 25 445 (1974). 

The equalization step in a refinery usually consists of one or more large ponds or tanks that may contain mixers to stir the wastes. Many refineries are planning to or have replaced ponds with steel tanks because of the requirements for groundwater protection. The use of covered and vented tanks also provides more positive control of odors from equalization systems when anaerobic conditions develop. 

Freshwater mammals such as heaver may leave odors on the surface of their ponds and olfactorily sample the water or layer of air immediately above it. Lipids on water may form micelles, small blobs of molecules (from Latin mica, a grain, crumb, morsel) that enhance evaporation into the air layer by increased chemical potential. Some seahirds hunt hy odor (e.g. Hutchison and Wenzel, 1980 Nevitt, 1999). They may respond to prey volatiles (from krill, squid, or fish) that rise to the water surface and evaporate into the air. The air-water equilibrium for dilute solutions can be expressed by using partition coefficients, relative volatility, or Henry s law (Thibodeaux, 1979). 

The circumstances of an odor experiment are important. For instance, male carp, Cyprinus carpio, spermiate in the presence of females that ovulate after having been injected with carp pituitary homogenate (as is already known for goldfish). This effect occurred in earthen ponds (200 m ) but not in bare tanks... 

If artificial castoreum scent marks are placed on the banks of a pond, beavers, C. canadensis, are more likely to visit, destroy, and re-mark the sites as the complexity of the artificial odor composition increases (Fig. 6.14). While some single phenolics from castoreum such as 4-ethylphenol trigger marking (Miiller-Schwarze and Houlihan, 1991), the response increases as the mixture grows to 4, 6,10,13, and finally 15 compounds. A mixture of 14 phenolics and 12 neutrals (mostly oxygenated monoterpenes) released responses almost as strong as whole castoreum (Schulte etal., 1995). 

Schrader KK, Rimando AM,Tucker CS, Glinski J, Cutler SJ, Cutler HG, Evaluation of the natural product SeaKleen for controlling the musty-odor-producing cyanobacterium Oscillatoria peromata in catfish ponds, N Am J Aquacult 66 20— 28, 2004. 

The density of liquid water decreases with decreasing temperature down to 4°C. In the fall season in the vicinity of a large population of lakes and ponds, there is often a period of one to several days in which whole geographic areas are afflicted with alarming foul odors. Based on the information contained in Figures 2.5 and 2.6, give a plausible explanation for this phenomenon. 

Amphibians have been shown to discriminate the odor of their home pond from other mud or water odors (Forester and Wisnieski 1991 Grubb 1973, 1976 McGregor and Teska 1989 Ogurtsov and Bastakov 2001). In a two-way choice apparatus, an animal chooses between mud or water from the home pond and some control mud or water from a different source. This experiment tests the ability to home by chemical cues, one aspect of orientation in space use newts, frogs or toads, depending on animals available. 

Acquistapace P, Daniels WH, Gherardi F (2004) Behavioral responses to alarm odors in potentially invasive and non-invasive crayfish species from aquaculture ponds. Behaviour 141 691-702... 

Products and Uses It is a grapelike, fruity flavoring, an odorant in skin cosmetics and hair pomades. Strangely, it is a bird deterrent and used near ponds and lakes where excessive numbers of Canadian... 

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