Volume of hquids

Oxygen transfer rate (OTR) is estimated by the foUowiag standard procedure (12), where the rate of mass transfer per unit volume of Hquid is taken to be directly proportional to the driving force of the system... 

Liquid Displacement Gas Meter Provers. The Hquid displacement prover is the most prevalent standard for the caHbration of flow meters at low to moderate gas flow rates. The method consists of displacing a known volume of Hquid with gas (Fig. 2). Gas entering the inverted beU causes it to rise and a volume increment can be timed. Typical prover capacities are 1 m or less although capacities as large as 20 m are available. Accuracies can be on the order of 0.5% of actual flow rate. 

The vapor/hquid ratio tests measure the amount of vapor formed from a given volume of Hquid at a given temperature at atmospheric pressure. A common measure used in specifying gasoline is the temperature at which the vapor/Hquid ratio is 20 (fV/L=2o ) Although V/L can be measured experimentally, it is a difficult and time consuming test to carry out, and techniques have been developed to calculate it from RVP and D86 values. 

The narcotic potency and solubiUty in oHve oil of several metabohcaHy inert gases are Hsted in Table 10. The narcotic potency, ED q, is expressed as the partial pressure of the gas in breathing mixtures requited to produce a certain degree of anesthesia in 50% of the test animals. The solubiUties are expressed as Bunsen coefficients, the volume of atmospheric pressure gas dissolved by an equal volume of Hquid. The Hpid solubiHty of xenon is about the same as that of nitrous oxide, a commonly used light anesthetic, and its narcotic potency is also about the same. As an anesthetic, xenon has the virtues of reasonable potency, nonflammability, chemical inertness, and easy elimination by the body, but its scarcity and great cost preclude its wide use for this purpose (see Anesthetics). 

Although it has been common practice to specify the pressure loss in ordinary valves in terms of either equivalent length of straight pipe of the same size or velocity head loss, it is becoming more common to specify flow rate and pressure drop characteristics in the same terms as has been the practice for valves designed specifically for control service, namely, in terms of the valve coefficient, C. The flow coefficient of a valve is defined as the volume of Hquid at a specified density that flows through the fully opened valve with a unit pressure drop, eg, = 1 when 3.79 L/min (1 gal /min) pass through the valve... 

Capillary Viscometers. Capillary flow measurement is a popular method for measuring viscosity (21,145,146) it is also the oldest. A Hquid drains or is forced through a fine-bore tube, and the viscosity is determined from the measured flow, appHed pressure, and tube dimensions. The basic equation is the Hagen-Poiseuike expression (eq. 17), where Tj is the viscosity, r the radius of the capillary, /S.p the pressure drop through the capillary, IV the volume of hquid that flows in time /, and U the length of the capillary. 

The basic design is that of the Ostwald viscometer a U-tube with two reservoir bulbs separated by a capillary, as shown in Figure 24a. The Hquid is added to the viscometer, pulled into the upper reservoir by suction, and then allowed to drain by gravity back into the lower reservoir. The time that it takes for the Hquid to pass between two etched marks, one above and one below the upper reservoir, is a measure of the viscosity. In U-tube viscometers, the effective pressure head and therefore the flow time depend on the volume of Hquid in the instmment. Hence, the conditions must be the same for each measurement. 

Orifice. Orifice viscometers, also called efflux or cup viscometers, are commonly used to measure and control flow properties in the manufacture, processing, and appHcation of inks, paints, adhesives, and lubricating oils. Their design answered the need for simple, easy-to-operate viscometers in areas where precision and accuracy are not particularly important. In these situations knowledge of a tme viscosity is uimecessary, and the efflux time of a fixed volume of Hquid is a sufficient indication of the fluidity of the material. Examples of orifice viscometers include the Ford, Zahn, and Shell cups used for paints and inks and the Saybolt Universal and Furol instmments used for oils (Table 5). 

The quantity of catalyst used for a given plant capacity is related to the Hquid hourly space velocity (LHSV), ie, the volume of Hquid hydrocarbon feed per hour per volume of catalyst. To determine the optimal LHSV for a given design, several factors are considered ethylene conversion, styrene selectivity, temperature, pressure, pressure drop, SHR, and catalyst life and cost. In most cases, the LHSV is ia the range of 0.4—0.5 h/L. It corresponds to a large quantity of catalyst, approximately 120 m or 120—160 t depending on the density of the catalyst, for a plant of 300,000 t/yr capacity. 

Storage tanks for large volumes (>1000 m ) of LNG, Hquid nitrogen and Hquid oxygen often use unevacuated pedite insulation that is pressuri2ed with bod-off gas from the tank s Hquid. Tanks for similar volumes of Hquid usually insulated with evacuated pedite. Smaller tanks for LNG, Hquid... 

Principle The adsorptive-bubble separation methods, or adsub-ble methods for short [Lemlich, Chem. Eng. 73(21), 7 (1966)], are based on the selective adsorption or attachment of material on the surfaces of gas bubbles passing through a solution or suspension. In most of the methods, the bubbles rise to form a foam or froth which carries the material off overhead. Thus the material (desirable or undesirable) is removed from the liquid, and not vice versa as in, say, filtration. Accordingly, the foaming methods appear to be particularly (although not exclusively) suited to the remov of small amounts of material from large volumes of hquid. 

P = pressure of liquid Vl = volume of hquid Ey = Young s modulus of elasticity V = Poisson s ratio... 

Figure 13.3. A P- V-T surface for a one-component system in which the substance contracts on freezing, such as water. Here Tj represents an isotherm below the triple-point temperature, 72 represents an isotherm between the triple-point temperature and the critical temperature, is the critical temperature, and represents an isotherm above the triple-point temperature. Points g, h, and i represent the molar volumes of sohd, hquid, and vapor, respectively, in equilibrium at the triple-point temperature. Points e and d represent the molar volumes of solid and liquid, respectively, in equihbrium at temperature T2 and the corresponding equilibrium pressure. Points c and b represent the molar volumes of hquid and vapor, respectively, in equilibrium at temperature and the corresponding equihbrium pressure. From F. W. Sears and G. L. Sahnger, Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory, and Statistical Thermodynamics. 3rd ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1975, p. 31.

Natural soap was one of the earliest chemicals produced by man. Historically, its first use as a cleaning compound dates back to Ancient Egypt [1-4]. In modem times, the soap and detergent industry, although a major one, produces relatively small volumes of hquid wastes directly. However, it causes great public concern when its products are discharged after use in homes, service establishments, and factories [5-22]. 

Spreaders are substances that increases the area that a given volume of hquid will cover on a soUd or another hquid. They also allow pesticides to spread evenly over treated snrfaces. 

Volume changes in the reacting mixture are neghgible, and the volume of hquid in the reactor remains constant at 1.46 ft /Ib mole of initial benzene charge. 

Where S, G, X, E and Enz are respectively the starch, glucose, cells, ethanol and enzyme concentrations inside the reactor, Si is the starch concentration on the feed, F is the feed flow rate, V is the volume of hquid in the fermentor and (pi, (p2, (ps represent the reaction rates for starch degradation, cells growth and ethanol production, respectively. The unstructured model presented in (Ochoa et al., 2007) is used here as the real plant. The ki (for i=l to 4) kinetic parameters of the model for control were identified by an optimization procedure given in Mazouni et al. (2004), using as error index the mean square error between the state variables of the unstructured model and the model for control. 

The volume of hquid in the reactor or reactors (assuming more than one vents at the same time) must be determined. 

The drawing in the circle (below) is a greatly expanded representation of the molecules in the liquid of the thermometer on the left. The thermometer registers 20°C. Which of the figures (a-d) is the best representation of the liquid in this same thermometer at 10°C (Assume that the same volume of hquid is shown in each expanded representation.)... 

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