Bird deterrents

Products and Uses It is a grapelike, fruity flavoring, an odorant in skin cosmetics and hair pomades. Strangely, it is a bird deterrent and used near ponds and lakes where excessive numbers of Canadian... 

Flrethorn feast An informal hedge of mixed pyracantha forms a tapestry of color there are red-, orange-, and yellow-berried cultivars. You will probably find that the birds leave the yellow ones until last. Pyracantha s thorns make it a good deterrent to intruders. 

Monarch butterflies t.g., Danaus plexipus) combine two sets of natural compounds. Larvae feed on plants rich in cardiac glycosides and use them as chemical defense compounds. Adult butterflies visit plants with PAs, where they collect PAs that are converted to pheromones or transferred to their eggs 4,17,31,33,361,515). A similar PA utilization scheme was observed with larvae of the moth Utetheisa ornatrix 367,516), where the compounds were shown to be deterrent for spiders and birds 225, 525). The chrysomelid beetle Oreina feeds on PA-containing plants, such as Adenostyles, and stores the dieUuy PAs in the defense fluid 463,524). 

Perhaps more remarkable than the ability to use the differences between chick (insensitive) and rat (sensitive) to construct a mutant insensitive rat VR1, was the use of the rat receptor to guide the construction of a capsaicin-sensitive chick receptor. Building the binding pocket required more than a point mutation the active construct borrowed 45 amino acids from the rVRl inserted into the correct position in the cVRl. Essentially, the molecular basis of this selective deterrence causing birds, but not mammals, to consume chili peppers is explained by a biochemical change in ligand specificity, induced by a few amino acids in mammal versus avian VR1. 

CioH.jN, Mr 147.22, oil, bp. 100-103 °C(1 kPa),[a]i, -7.2° (CHCI3), a monoterpene alkaloid ( iridoids) from the east Asian creeper Actinidia polygama and other Actinidiaceae, Bignoniaceae, and Valerianaceae. It is a component of the defensive secretion of black beetles, ants, grasshoppers, and flies. Only the (5) enantiomer occurs in nature. A. exhibits antimicrobial properties and a deterrent effect against birds and arthropods , while cats are strongly attracted Synthesis There are various syntheses of the racemate and the unnatural (/I) enantiomer, but only three for the (5) enantiomer. The biosynthesis presumably proceeds from iridodial. 

In mammals, birds, insects, and some plants, compounds of the kynurenic acid group are end products of tryptophan metabolism. They are either excreted with the urine (E 1) or are accumulated in the organism. 8-Hydroxyquinaldic acid methyl ester is a feeding deterrent and aseptic of certain water beetles (E 5.1). 

A broad range of secondary metabolites from seaweeds, marsh plants, and benthic invertebrates have been shown to deter feeding by vertebrate consumers (Hay Fenical 1988 Hay Steinberg 1992 Paul 1992 Pawlik 1993). The vast majority of these studies have been conducted on fishes and have focused on feeding deterrents rather than stimulants (Hay 1991 Paul 1992). The very few studies conducted with other aquatic vertebrates such as sea otters and birds suggest that the basic methods used for fishes may also work with these vertebrates (Buschbaum et al. 1984 Kviteck 1991 Kviteck et al. 1991). 

Repellents are currently nsed by millions of people worldwide to prevent nuisance bites from blood-feeding insects, and it is now a multi-million-dollar global industry. Until recently, there was limited scientific evidence on the efficacy of repellents to rednce disease. However, several groups of animals, including passerine birds and white-faced capnchin monkeys, anoint themselves with leaves, fruit, and even millipedes that contain componnds that are proven deterrents of ticks and... 

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