Polyvinyl chloride production

Niino T, IshibashiT, Itho T, et al. 2001. Monoester formation by hydrolysis of dialkyl phthalate migrating from polyvinyl chloride products in human saliva. J Health Sci 47(3) 318-322. 

Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) with ICP-MS detection has been used for speeiation studies of environmental and more general analytical samples. Butyltin compounds, used in polyvinyl chloride production and in fungicides and insecticides, have been separated by Dauchy et al. [25] using a methanol/water/ acetic acid mobile phase (80 14 6) that had previously been optimized for this separation. Monobutyltin (MBT), dibutyltin (DBT), and tributyltin (TBT) compounds... 

Q Chlorine gas Is used to manufacture polyvinyl chloride products such as these irrigation pipes. Q Sodium hydroxide Is the key ingredient in drain cleaners. 

Goodrich adapted Semon s discovery for two specific applications shoe heels and the coating on chemical racks. Those applications were not profitable enough for Goodrich to continue making polyvinyl chloride. But Semon continued to look for new ways of adapting the compound for additional applications. He was eventually successful and by 1931 the company had begun to turn out a full line of polyvinyl chloride products in most of the forms currently available. 

Chlorine gas is used to manufacture polyvinyl chloride products, such as these pipes for water distribution. 

Vapor gas separation in polyolefin and polyvinyl chloride production Hydrocarbon separations Ethylene recovery in ethylene oxide production Olefin/paraffin separation Air separation Air drying CO2 capture... 

Maricq HR, Johnson MN, Whetstone CL, LeRoy EC (1976) Capillary abnormalities in polyvinyl chloride production workers. Examination by in vivo microscopy. JAMA 236 1368-1371... 

Caustic soda supply is very much tied to chlorine production, polyvinyl chloride production, and housing construction. 

Polyvinyl chloride production increased to 2.3 million tonnes in 1998 and rose to about 3.6 million tonnes by 2003, with an annual growth of 9.2%. PVC demand will continue to be driven by the growing consumer market needs for plastic windows and doors and other applications in the construction market. The production of polyethylene reached 2.7 million tonnes in 1998 and increased to nearly 4.8 million tonnes in 2003. 

Polyvinyl chloride production VCM monomer recovery from vent gas 99% of VCM... 

M. Kaufman, The Chemistry and Industrial Production of Polyvinyl Chloride The History ofPHC, Gordon and Breach Science PubHshers Inc., New York, 1969, pp. 387-388. 

As production increased, new coating materials for pipe protection evolved and a variety of. synthetic materials became available. In 1950, continuous-laid pipelines in America and Italy were coated with polyvinyl chloride tapes applied... 

Plasticisers. Plasticisers are low molecular weight materials which alter the properties and forming characteristics of the plastic. An important example is the production of flexible grades of polyvinyl chloride by the use of plasticisers. 

The development of electrical power made possible the electrochemical industry. Electrolysis of sodium chloride produces chlorine and either sodium hydroxide (from NaCl in solution) or metallic sodium (from NaCl fused). Sodium hydroxide has applications similar to sodium carbonate. The ad vantage of the electrolytic process is the production of chlorine which has many uses such as production of polyvinyl chloride. PVC, for plumbing, is produced in the largest quantity of any plastic. 

Vinyl chloride (1835) formed by reacting acetylene with hydrochloric acid, was polymerized a.v polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in 1912, The theory of polymerization by Staudinger in the 1920s- led to the advances that followed. The acrylate were polymerized as polymethylmethacrylate to come into production in 1927. Polystyrene was developed. similarly and concurrently. Polyethylene came into production in 1939 for use in radar and now is ubiquitous. 

Lactic acid and levulinic acid are two key intermediates prepared from carbohydrates [7]. Lipinsky [7] compared the properties of the lactide copolymers [130] obtained from lactic acid with those of polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride (see Scheme 4 and Table 5) and showed that the lactide polymer can effectively replace the synthetics if the cost of production of lactic acid is made viable. Poly(lactic acid) and poly(l-lactide) have been shown to be good candidates for biodegradeable biomaterials. Tsuji [131] and Kaspercejk [132] have recently reported studies concerning their microstructure and morphology. 

The products of this electrolysis have a variety of uses. Chlorine is used to purify drinking water large quantities of it are consumed in making plastics such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Hydrogen, prepared in this and many other industrial processes, is used chiefly in the synthesis of ammonia (Chapter 12). Sodium hydroxide (lye), obtained on evaporation of the electrolyte, is used in processing pulp and paper, in the purification of aluminum ore, in the manufacture of glass and textiles, and for many other purposes. 

Competition, at each stage in the plastics industry, is in their raw materials. Many monomers can be made from alternate raw materials such as polyvinyl chloride that may begin with either ethylene or acetylene. Most plastic products may be made from a variety of plastics such as pipe that may be extruded from PVC, polyethylene, ABS, and so on. 

Competition is also within processes. Both plastics and finished products may be made by entirely different routes, requiring different procedures and different equipment. For example, polyvinyl chloride may be made by... 

The properties of a polymer depend not only on its gross chemical composition but also on its molecular weight distribution, copolymer composition distribution, branch length distribution, and so on. The same monomer(s) can be converted to widely differing polymers depending on the polymerization mechanism and reactor type. This is an example of product by process, and no single product is best for all applications. Thus, there are several commercial varieties each of polyethylene, polystyrene, and polyvinyl chloride that are made by distinctly different processes. 

Polytelrafluoroethylene decomposition products Polyvinyl chloride Total inhalable dust Kespirable dust Portland cement Potassium hydroxide Propane... 

Approximately 10 million pounds of trichloroethylene are used aimually as a chain transfer agent in the production of polyvinyl chloride (McNeill 1979). Other chemical intermediate uses of trichloroethylene include production of pharmaceuticals, polychlorinated aliphatics, flame retardant chemicals, and insecticides (Mannsville 1992 Windholz 1983). Trichloroethylene is used as a refrigerant for low-temperature heat transfer (Cooper and Hickman 1982 lARC 1979 McNeill 1979) and in the aerospace industry for flushing liquid oxygen (Hawley 1981 Kuney 1986). 

Workers involved in the manufacture or use of trichloroethylene as a metal degreaser or general solvent may constitute a group at risk because of the potential for occupational exposure. Occupational exposure to trichloroethylene may also occur during its use as a chemical intermediate in the production of polyvinyl chloride (McNeill 1979). 

A more common decision concerns the production of a material made to different specifications in one plant. In the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) there are many different possible products. The average molecular weight may differ, as well as the range of molecular weights. It may be sold in pellets or powder, may or may not be colored, and it may or may not have certain impurities present. The permuta-... 

In the production of polyvinyl chloride by the emulsion process, the percentages of catalyst, wetting agent, initiator, and solvent all affect the properties of the resultant polymer. They must be carefully metered into the reaction vessel. The vinyl chloride used must also be very pure. Either the scope must specify that the purchased raw material shall meet certain specifications, or some purification equipment must be installed so that the required quality can be obtained. 

Addition polymers, which are also known as chain growth polymers, make up the bulk of polymers that we encounter in everyday life. This class includes polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyvinyl chloride. Addition polymers are created by the sequential addition of monomers to an active site, as shown schematically in Fig. 1.7 for polyethylene. In this example, an unpaired electron, which forms the active site at the growing end of the chain, attacks the double bond of an adjacent ethylene monomer. The ethylene unit is added to the end of the chain and a free radical is regenerated. Under the right conditions, chain extension will proceed via hundreds of such steps until the supply of monomers is exhausted, the free radical is transferred to another chain, or the active site is quenched. The products of addition polymerization can have a wide range of molecular weights, the distribution of which depends on the relative rates of chain grcnvth, chain transfer, and chain termination. 

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