Polysulfone-sulfonated poly blend

Bowen, W. R., Doneva, T. A., and Yin, H. B. 2001. Polysulfone—Sulfonated poly(ether ether)ketone blend membranes Systematic synthesis and characterisation. Journal of Membrane Science 181 253-263. 

Arthanareeswaran, G., Mohan, D., Raajenthiren, M. (2007). Preparation and Performance of Polysulfone-Sulfonated Poly(ester ester ketone) Blend Ultrafiltration Membranes. PeaXl. Appl. Surface Sci., 253(21), 8705-8712. 

Arthanareeswaran, G., Mohan, D. and Raajenthiren, M. 2007a. Preparation and performance of polysulfone-sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) blend ultrafiltration membranes. Part I. Awl. Surf. Set 253 8705-8712. 

Bowen, W.R., Doneva, T.A. Yin, H.B. (2001) Polysulfone - sulfonated poly(ether ether) ketone blend membranes systematic synthesis and characterisation. Journal of Membrane Science, 181 (2), 253-263. 

One of the first examples of this type of blend was composed of SPEEK or SPES as the acidic component and diaminated PES, poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP), poly(benzimidazole) (PBl), or poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) as the basic component. " For blend lEC values of 1.0 meq/g, conductivity values were reported to be good, as was H2/O2 EC performance. Thermal stabilities for these blends was also demonstrated to be high (>270°C). Other examples of acid-base PEMs include blends of SPPO and PBI, sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) and aminated SPES, SPIs and aminated Pls, and SPEEK with PES bearing benzimidazole side groups, ° as well as an unusual example in which the blend is composed of sulfonated, hyper-branched polyether and pyridine-functionalized polysulfone. ... 

Manea, C. and Mulder, M. 2002. Characterization of polymer blends of poly-ethersulfone/sulfonated polysulfone and polyethersulfone/sulfonated poly-etheretherketone for direct methanol fuel cell applications. Journal of Membrane Science 206 443-453. 

Fu, Y. Z., Manthiram, A. and Guiver, M. D. 2006. Blend membranes based on sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) and polysulfone bearing benzimidazole side groups for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Electrochemistry... 

In another study, Bowen et al. [42] prepared membranes from polymer blends of polysulfone and sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (PSf/SPEEK). It was reported that these membranes had high porosities, high charge densities, and pore sizes at the boundary between NF and UE For comparison, two commercial membranes of cellulose acetate and poly(ether sulfone) were chosen. Therefore, the following four membranes were involved in their study ... 

Fu et al. [11] reported the acid-base blend membranes based on 2-amino-benzimidazole (basic polymer) and sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) (acidic polymer) for direct methanol fuel cells. A novel polymer, polysulfone-2-amide-benzimidazole (PSf-ABIm), using carboxylated polysulfone and 2-amino-benzimidazole was synthesized for this purpose. The blend membrane of SPEEK/PSf-ABIm showed high performance a s represented by Figure 1.12. The blend membrane with 3 wt% PSf-ABIm was evaluated continuously for 120 h and little or no decline in performance was found after 120 h. On the other hand, the Nafion 112 membrane standard was observed to have a decline in performance due to a much higher amount of methanol crossover. 

Trogadas and Ramani summarized the modification of PEM membranes, including Nafion modified by zirconium phosphates, heteropolyacids, hydrogen sulfates, metal oxides, and silica. Membranes with sulfonated non-fluorinated backbones were also described. The base polymers polysulfone, poly(ether sulfone), poly(ether ether ketone), polybenzimidazole, and polyimide. Another interesting category is acid-base polymer blend membranes. This review also paid special attention to electrode designs based on catalyst particles bound by a hydrophobic poly-tetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) structure or hydrophilic Nafion, vacuum deposition, and electrodeposition method. Issues related to the MEA were presented. In then-study on composite membranes, the effects of particle sizes, cation sizes, number of protons, etc., of HPA were correlated with the fuel cell performance. To promote stability of the PTA within the membrane matrix, the investigators have employed PTA supported on metal oxides such as silicon dioxide as additives to Nafion. 

Besides the covalent crosslinking, Kerres et al. investigated the properties of fuel cell membranes of ionicaUy crosslinked polysulfonic adds. This type of crosslinking was achieved by blending sulfonated poly(arylene ether sul-fone)s and poly(arylene ether ketone)s with basic polymers, such as polybenzimidazole, poly(ethylene imine), poly(vinyl pyridine), or amino functional-... 

Fig. 10 Some sulfonated hydrocarbons used alone or as blends with m-PBI. 1 sulfonated polystyrene 2 poly(benzylsulfonic acid siloxane) 3 sulfonated poly(etheretherketone) 4 sulfonated poly(4-phenoxybenzoyl-l,4-phenylene) 5 sulfonated polysulfone 6 sulfonated polysulfone 7 sulfonated m-PBI 8 sulfonated poly(phenylquinoxalines) 9 sulfonated poly(2,6-diphenyl-4-phenylene oxide) 10 sulfonated polyphenylenesulfide. Reprinted with kind permission from [44]...

Schauer, J., Albrecht, W., Weigel, T., Kudela, V., Pientka, Z. (2001) Microporous membranes prepared from blends of polysulfone and sulfonated poly (2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide). Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 81, 134-142. 

Deimede, V., Kandilioti, G., Kallitsis, J.K., Gregoriou, V.G. (2005) Blends of sulfonated polysulfone and poly(ethylene oxide)-grq/ieii-polyethersulfone as proton exchange membranes for fuel cell applications. Macromolecular Symposia, 230, 33-38. 

Most MF, UF, RO, and NF membranes are synthetic organic polymers. NF membranes are made from cellulose acetate blends, cellulose triacetate (CTA), or polyamide composites such as the RO membranes, or they could be modified forms of UF membranes such as sulfonated polysulfone [27]. On the other hand, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is a significant polymer for nonaqueous applications. Chemical stmctures of a few of the prominent polymers are shown in Figure 42.4. 

Starting from the assumption that the geometry relaxation after excitation is of primary importance with respect to the luminescence response, we decided to employ a solid polymer matrix to suppress conformational changes of the oligomers. For the measurements, dilute blends with polysulfone as the transparent host matrix were prepared. In Figure 16-13, the PL decay curves for the two cyano compounds in both chloroform and polysulfone are presented, as are the PL spectra of Ooct-OPV5-CN in chloroform and poly sulfone [69]. 

Poly(ester urethane) and poly(ether sulfone) blends with or without Thermal degradation of blends using TGA The presence of polysulfone caused a rise in thermal stability of the Filip and Vlad 2004... 

The highly intractable chemical stmcture vMch. inq)arts the outstanding mechanical properties also makes the PATs very difficult to process (4, 5). In the ftilly imidized form PAI is not processable hence a poly(amic acid) (PAA) precursor is the usual form in which they are supplied and bricated. The precursors themselves have very hi viscosities in the melt state and hence the flow characteristics tend to be very poor. Semicrystalline and amorphous polyamides (6) and aromatic sulfone polymers such as poly(phenylene sulfide), poly(ether sulfone) and polysulfone (7) have been blended with the precursor to PAI, to obtain better flow characteristics. 

As already mentioned, the acid-base blend concept was applied to intermediate-T fuel cell membranes by Hasiotis et al. [31, 42]. The blend membranes were composed of PBI Celazol (poly(2,2 -/M-phenylene-5,5 -bibenzimidazole, m-PBl, named as Bl) and polysulfone Udel sulfonated in the bisphenol A section (named... 

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