Polystyrene-poly copolymer

Several studies have demonstrated the successful incoriDoration of [60]fullerene into polymeric stmctures by following two general concepts (i) in-chain addition, so called pearl necklace type polymers or (ii) on-chain addition pendant polymers. Pendant copolymers emerge predominantly from the controlled mono- and multiple functionalization of the fullerene core with different amine-, azide-, ethylene propylene terjDolymer, polystyrene, poly(oxyethylene) and poly(oxypropylene) precursors [63,64,65,66,62 and 66]. On the other hand, (-CggPd-) polymers of the pearl necklace type were fonned via the periodic linkage of [60]fullerene and Pd monomer units after their initial reaction with thep-xy y ene diradical [69,70 and 71]. 

Figure 9.17 Plot of log [i ]M versus retention volume for various polymers, showing how different systems are represented by a single calibration curve when data are represented in this manner. The polymers used include linear and branched polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl chloride), poly(phenyl siloxane), polybutadiene, and branched, block, and graft copolymers of styrene and methyl methacrylate. [From Z. Grubisec, P. Rempp, and H. Benoit, Polym. Lett. 5 753 (1967), used with permission of Wiley.]...

Gun Propellents. Low sensitivity gun propeUants, often referred to as LOVA (low vulnerabUity ammunition), use RDX or HMX as the principal energy components, and desensitizing binders such as ceUulose acetate butyrate or thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) including poly acetal—polyurethane block copolymers, polystyrene—polyacrjiate copolymers, and glycidyl azide polymers (GAP) to provide the required mechanical... 

THERMOPLASTIC POLYESTER POLY IMIOES SOME POLYSTYRENES FLUOROPLASTIC COPOLYMERS SOME FLUOROPLASTICS UHMWPE... 

Fig. 7. Data of Parsonage et al. [77] on the adsorption of a series of block copolymers of polystyrene-poly-2-vinylpyridine. The ordinate is the measured surface density ( d 2) reduced by the density required for the nonadsorbing chains to overlap the abscissa is the solvent-enhanced size asymmetry of the block copolymer defined under Eq. 26. The form of this plot is that suggested by Eq. 28...

Siloxane containing polyester, poly(alkylene oxide) and polystyrene type copolymers have been used to improve the heat resistance, lubricity and flow properties of epoxy resin powder coatings 43). Thermally stable polyester-polysiloxane segmented copolymers have been shown to improve the flow, antifriction properties and scratch resistance of acrylic based auto repair lacquers 408). Organohydroxy-terminated siloxanes are also effective internal mold release agents in polyurethane reaction injection molding processes 409). 

Block copolymers were synthesized by a combination of fipase-catalyzed polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRE). " " At first, the polymerization of 10-hydroxydecanoic acid was carried out by using lipase CA as catalyst. The terminal hydroxy group was modified by the reaction with a-bromopropionyl bromide, followed by ATRP of styrene using CuCE2,2 -bipyridine as catalyst system to give the polyester-polystyrene block copolymer. Trichloromethyl-terminated poly(e-CL), which was synthesized by lipase CA-catalyzed polymerization with 2,2,2-trichloroethanol initiator, was used as initiator for ATRP of styrene. 

Gong, Y., Huang, H., Hu, Z., Chen, Y, Chen, D Wang, Z. and He, X. (2006) Inverted to normal phase transition in solution-cast polystyrene-poly(methyl methacrylate) block copolymer thin films. Macromolecules, 39, 3369-3376. 

A polystyrene-poly(ethylene,l-butene)-polystyrene triblock copolymer is produced by the selective hydrogenation of the corresponding triblock copolymer in which the center block consists of random placements of 1,2-poly(1,3-butadiene) and 1,4-poly (1,3-butadiene) units. 

Nakayama Y., Miyamura M., Hirano Y., Goto K., Matsuda T., Preparation of poly(ethylene glycol)-polystyrene block copolymers using photochemistry of dithiocarbamate as a reduced cell-adhesive coating material, Biomaterials 1999 20 963-970. 

Much work on the preparation of nonaqueous polymer dispersions has involved the radical polymerization of acrylic monomers in the presence of copolymers having the A block the same as the acrylic polymer in the particle core 2). The preparation of polymer dispersions other than polystyrene in the presence of a PS-PDMS diblock copolymer is of interest because effective anchoring of the copolymer may be influenced by the degree of compatibility between the PS anchor block and the polymer molecules in the particle core. The present paper describes the interpretation of experimental studies performed with the aim of determining the mode of anchoring of PS blocks to polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), and poly(vinyl acetate) (PVA) particles. 

Amphiphilic resin supported ruthenium(II) complexes similar to those displayed in structure 1 were employed as recyclable catalysts for dimethylformamide production from supercritical C02 itself [96]. Tertiary phosphines were attached to crosslinked polystyrene-poly(ethyleneglycol) graft copolymers (PS-PEG resin) with amino groups to form an immobilized chelating phosphine. In this case recycling was not particularly effective as catalytic activity declined with each subsequent cycle, probably due to oxidation of the phosphines and metal leaching. 

Partial hydrogenation of acetylenic compounds bearing a functional group such as a double bond has also been studied in relation to the preparation of important vitamins and fragrances. For example, selective hydrogenation of the triple bond of acetylenic alcohols and the double bond of olefin alcohols (linalol, isophytol) was performed with Pd colloids, as well as with bimetallic nanoparticles Pd/Au, Pd/Pt or Pd/Zn stabilized by a block copolymer (polystyrene-poly-4-vinylpyridine) (Scheme 9.8). The best activity (TOF 49.2 s 1) and selectivity (>99.5%) were obtained in toluene with Pd/Pt bimetallic catalyst due to the influence of the modifying metal [87, 88]. 

Scheme 9.8 Semihydrogenation of olefin alcohols with Pd colloids stabilized by a block copolymer polystyrene-poly-4-vinyl pyridine.

The synthesis section systematically prepared new monomers, polymers, and an ever increasing number of copolymers. At the same time, the characterization and applications sections tested the polymers in order to ascertain which were worthy of larger scale experiments, scale-up, and patent protection. They also performed the work required to satisfy production details. These efforts, directed by Mark s personal hands-on style of management, were the first serious attempts at commercialization of polystyrene, poly(vinyl chloride), poly(methyl methacrylate), and synthetic rubber. 

Zhu L, Chen Y, Zhang AQ et al. (1999) Phase structures and morphologies determined by competitions among self-organization, crystallization, and vitrification in a disordered poly(ethylene oxide)-b-polystyrene diblock copolymer. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 60 10022-10031... 

Marie P, Herrenschmidt YL, Gallot Y. Study of the emulsifying power of the block copolymers polystyrene/poly(2-vinylpyridinium chloride) and polyisoprene/poly(2-vinylpyridinium chloride). Makromol Chem 1976 77 2773-2780. 

Over the years it has been shown that complexes prepared from organophosphorous ligands in combination with peroxotungstic acid or its quaternary ammonium salts exhibit efficient catalytic properties. In order to make an efficient recycling of the catalyst possible and get tungsten-free products and effluents, some of these catalysts were immobilized onto polystyrene, poly benzimidazole and polymethacrylate copolymers modified by the introduction of the phosphorous(V)-containing ligands. 

Platonova et al. reported a preparation method of Co nanoparticles having good dispersibility using block copolymer (polystyrene poly-4-vinyl piridine) mi-cells where Co was generated by the reduction of micells loaded with CoCl2 and by thermal decomposition of Co2(CO)s in micellar solutions of the block copolymers... 

Deters (14) vibromilled a blend of cellulose and cellulose triacetate. The acetic acid content of cellulose acetate decreased with grinding time (40 h) while that of the cellulose increased, suggesting the formation of a block or graft copolymer or of an esterification reaction by acetic acid developed by mechanical reaction. Baramboim (/5) dissolved separately in CO polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), and poly(vinyl acetate). After mixing equal volumes of solutions of equivalent polymer concentration, the solvent was evaporated at 50° C under vacuum and the resultant product ball-milled. The examination of the ball-milled products showed the formation of free radicals which copolymerized. 

Poly(styrene)-poly(lsoprene) and polystyrene-poly(butadiene) block copolymers... 

Antonietti, M., S. Heinz, M. Schmidt, and C. Rosenauer. 1994. Determination of the micelle architecture of polystyrene/poly(4-vinylpyridine) block copolymers in dilute solutiMHcromolecule 7 3276-3281. 

The carbanion pump method has been successfully applied for the preparation of different block copolymers including poly(ethylene oxide)-block-polystyrene, poly(ethylene oxide)-block-polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide), poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(methylmethacry-late)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (shown in Scheme 14), and poly(ferrocenyldimethylsilane)-block-(methyl methacrylate) <2004MI856, 2004MM1720, 2006MI(928)292>. 

The structures formed by polystyrene-poly(propylene imine) dendrimers have also been analyzed. Block copolymers with 8, 16, and 32 end-standing amines are soluble in water. They have a critical micelle concentration of the order of 10"7 mol/1. At 3x10 4 mol/l they form different types of micelles. The den-drimer with eight amine groups (80% PS) form bilayers. The dendrimer with 16 amine groups (65% PS) forms cylinders and the dendrimer with 32 amine groups (50% PS) forms spherical micelles [38,130,131]. These are the classical lamellar, cylindrical, and spherical phases of block copolymers. However, the boundary between the phases occurs at very different volume fractions, due to the very different packing requirements of the linear polymer and spherical dendrimer at the interphase. 

Fig. 3. Example of electron micrograph of a hexagonal structure. Copolymer polystyrene-poly-butadiene SB. 32 containing 30,5% of polybutadiene, swollen with 29% of MMA and post-polymerized. Main figure section along the plane perpendicular to the direction of the axis of the insoluble poly butadiene cylinders insert section by a plane parallel to the axis of the cylinders. Polybutadiene stained by osmium tetroxide in dark...

Fig. 9. Example of phase diagram concentration/temperature. Copolymer polystyrene-poly bu tadiene SB. 11 containing 39% polybutadiene and exhibiting a lamellar structure.

On the contrary, copolymers polystyrene-poly(ethylene oxide) (SEO), poly-butadiene-poly(ethylene oxide) (BEO), poly(ethyl methacrylate)-poly(ethylene oxide) (EMAEO) and polystyrene-poly(e-coprolactone)(SCL) exhibit well organized periodic structures. Copolymers SEO261-266), BEO267-270) and SCL27 ) have been studied in the dry state and in a preferential solvent for each type of block, while copolymers EMAEO have only been studied in the dry state272-274). 

The following copolymers have been prepared polybutadiene-poly(benzyl-L-glutamate) (BG), polystyrene-poly(benzyl-L-glutamate) (SG), polystyrene-poly(cinnamyl-L-glutamate) (SC), polystyrene-poly(L-leucine) (SL), polystyrene-poly(carbobenzoxy-L-lysine) (SCK) and polybutadiene-poly(carbobenzoxy-L-lysine) (BCK). 

Copolymers with a hydrophobic polyvinyl block and a hydrophilic polypeptide block like polybutadiene-poly(L-lysine) (BK), polystyrene-poly(L-lysine) (SK),poly-butadiene-poly(L-glutamic acid) (BE), and polystyrene-poly(L-glutamic acid) (SE) are obtained by action of HC1 and HBr on copolymers BCK, SCK, BG, and SG, respectively23. ... 

Chuai C et al. (2004) Influence of diblock copolymer on the morphology and properties of polystyrene/poly(dimethylsiloxane) blends. J Appl Poly Sci 92(5) 2747-2757... 

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