Polystyrene curves

Fig. 23. Polymerization of monomers in masticating polystyrene and polymethyl methacrylate. Curves 1-6 1 ml methacrylic acid, styrene, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, acrylonitrile, and vinyl acetate, respectively, in 3 g polystyrene. Curves 7-12 2 ml methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile, ethyl acrylate, styrene, and vinyl acetate, respectively, in 3g polymethyl methacrylate. The limiting viscosity numbers for points along Curves 2 and 3...

Fig. 13. Specific heat of methyl methacrylate, curve 1 polymethyl methacrylate, curve 2 and polystyrene, curve 3...

Figure 6. Momentum dependence of the energy loss probability of polystyrene Curve a q = 0.15 A" , very similar to Figure 1 data Curve b q = 0.37 A Curve c q = 0.74 A - Curve d q = 1.0 A - arrow indicates optically forbidden excitation (13)...

Fig. 45. Influence of the radiation dose on the mechanical properties of polystyrene. Curve 1, tensile strength curve 2, elongation curve 3, elastic modulus curve 4, shear strength curve 5, impact strength.

Fig. 16 J. Three component diagrams for silica particles (C) in ethylbmzene (S) in the piesence of free polystyrene (P) molecular weight of free polystyrene, curves 1,28 000 2,6 000 (after Clarke and Vincent, 1981a).

A decline in catalytic activity with use was detected for reactions catalyzed by either species. Polymers 2 and 7 in the absence of cobalt both revealed excellent stability at 190 C (hydroformylation temperatures). This is illustrated by the TGA curves shown in Figure 4. Curve A shows an onset of decomposition for phosphinated polyphosphazene of 400 C, slightly better than that of phosphinated polystyrene (curve B, 20Z crosslinked curve C, 2Z crosslinked). Loss of phosphorus was observed over a period of 45 hours for a catalyst derived from 2 (2Z DVB crosslinked). The data depicted in Figure 5 reveal benzene, toluene, benzyl alcohol, diphenylphosphine and triphenyl phosphine as cleavage products. If one recalls the previously discussed homogeneous results it should be clear that the PPho is derived from a phosphide intermediate such as 8. ... 

Figure 4. TGA curves indicating stability of Polymer 2 and 7 at 190 C in the absence of cobalt. Curve A shows the onset of decomposition for phosphinated polyphosphazene of ilOO C, slightly better than that of phosphinated polystyrene (Curve B, 2Q% cross-linked Curve C, 2 cross-linked. ...

Also shown in Figure 15.8 is the temperature dependence for an almost totally crystalline isotactic polystyrene (curve A). The decrease in EXW) at Tg is much less... 

Fig, 7. Molecular weight dependence of T for linear polystyrene. Curves a c and d are... 

Fig. 3. Total resistance vs sample thickness for polystyrene Curve A, no precautions to reduce contact resistance Curve B, three precautions taken to reduce contact resistance (20).,...

The isothermal curves of mechanical properties in Chap. 3 are actually master curves constructed on the basis of the principles described here. Note that the manipulations are formally similar to the superpositioning of isotherms for crystallization in Fig. 4.8b, except that the objective here is to connect rather than superimpose the segments. Figure 4.17 shows a set of stress relaxation moduli measured on polystyrene of molecular weight 1.83 X 10 . These moduli were measured over a relatively narrow range of readily accessible times and over the range of temperatures shown in Fig. 4.17. We shall leave as an assignment the construction of a master curve from these data (Problem 10). 

Figure 9.17 Plot of log [i ]M versus retention volume for various polymers, showing how different systems are represented by a single calibration curve when data are represented in this manner. The polymers used include linear and branched polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl chloride), poly(phenyl siloxane), polybutadiene, and branched, block, and graft copolymers of styrene and methyl methacrylate. [From Z. Grubisec, P. Rempp, and H. Benoit, Polym. Lett. 5 753 (1967), used with permission of Wiley.]...

Fig. 4. Molecular weight distribution curves for representative polystyrenes.

Proportion of Hard Segments. As expected, the modulus of styrenic block copolymers increases with the proportion of the hard polystyrene segments. The tensile behavior of otherwise similar block copolymers with a wide range of polystyrene contents shows a family of stress—strain curves (4,7,8). As the styrene content is increased, the products change from very weak, soft, mbbedike materials to strong elastomers, then to leathery materials, and finally to hard glassy thermoplastics. The latter have been commercialized as clear, high impact polystyrenes under the trade name K-Resin (39) (Phillips Petroleum Co.). Other types of thermoplastic elastomers show similar behavior that is, as the ratio of the hard to soft phase is increased, the product in turn becomes harder. 

Isometric data from the creep curves may also be superimposed on the creep rupture data in order to give an indication of the magnitudes of the strains involved. Most plastics behave in a ductile manner under the action of a steady load. The most notable exceptions are polystyrene, injection moulding grade acrylic and glass-filled nylon. However, even those materials which are ductile at short times tend to become embrittled at long times. This can cause... 

H type resins are available in different pore sizes. Examples of calibration curves for polystyrene standards are shown in Figs. 4.38 and 4.39. Other series of H type columns have similar calibration curves. Exclusion limits are listed in Tables 4.12-4.16. 

FIGURE 4.38 Calibration curves for TSK-GEL Hxl columns with polyst/rene standards. Column TSK-GEL Hxl series, two 7.8 mm x 30 cm columns in series. Sample Polystyrene standards. Elution Tetrahydrofuran. Flow rate 1.0 ml/min. Detection Rl. 

Figure 6.3 shows a comparison of elution patterns of standard polystyrene between a linear-type column and a standard-type column. Because of the high linearity of its calibration curve, the linear series has improved the efficiency of oligomer domain separation. 

FIGURE 6.1 Calibration curves of Shodex GPC KF-BOO series. Column Shodex GPC KF-800 series 8 mm i.d. X 300 mm. Eluent THF. Sample Polystyrene standards. 

FIGURE 10.3 Calibration curves for sulfonated polystyrenes on SynChropak GPC columns. Mobile phase 0.1 A1 sodium sulfate. (From MICRA Scientific, Inc., with permission.)... 

A range of individual pore size PLgel packing materials is produced and their pore size distribution is conveniently represented by a SEC calibration curve as illustrated in Fig. 12.1. It should be pointed out that the descriptors used for the different pore sizes, 50 A, 100 A, and so on, are not the actual pore sizes of the beads but relate to the size of a polystyrene molecule just excluded from the packing material. This nomenclature comes from the original work carried out by Moore (3) and should only be viewed in the context of differentiating... 

FIGURE 12.1 SEC calibration curves for PLgel individual pore size columns (300 X 7.5 mm), eluent THE at 1.0 ml/min, polystyrene calibrants. 

The ISO method prescribes polystyrene standards with tetrahydrofuran as the eluent, but this equation can also be used with other narrow distribution standards, provided the same elution solvent and the same standards are used for a comparison. Further, the ISO method requires the result to be greater than 6 for one decade of the molar mass. Because calibration curves are usually not linear, this decade should lie nearly symmetrically around the peak maxima of the samples in question. The required value of 6 is easy to fulfill, as results of 10 or more are usual with modern columns. If so-named linear or mixed... 

PMMA, on the unmodified porous glass and silica gel, and the universal calibration curves for polystyrenes and poly(methyl methacrylates) did not coincide (10,12,19). 

FIGURE 22.3 Experimental points for polystyrene standards in THF and three OTHdC columns (O, 1.342 fjLm, , 0.862 jum and O, 0.630 tm) with theoretical curves according to the modified BG model. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. 7. Copyright 1986 American Chemical Society.)... 

---