Polysaccharides activators

Pugin J, Shurer-Maly C-C, Leturcq D, Moriarty A, Ulevitch RJ, Tobias PS. Lipo-polysaccharide activation of human endothelial and epithelial cells is mediated by lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and soluble CD14. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993 90 2744-2748. 

Immunomodulatory polysaccharides activate macrophages in the host immune system and generate cytokines (e.g., ILs, TNF, and NK) that are important part of defense in the immunosurveillance system [1-4,135]. In addition, these cytokines display antitumor property and help to eliminate the existing tumor [4,5,85]. 

A number of polysaccharides activate the interferon system 18, 63) a natural body defense against virus attack. These include a (1 - 6)-a-D-mannopyranan to which are attached (l- 2)-a-D-mannopyranan side chains 64-66). The backbone of this polysaccharide has now been duplicated synthetically (67) A number of polyanions and oxidized polysaccharides are also effective 68,69), but have been considered less attractive clinical possibilities than the synthetic polynucleotide poly (I C) 63, 72). The activity of poly (I C) can also be enhanced by the use of DEAE dextran 73, 74). Recently a small molecule Tilorone hydrochloride has also been found effective and a variety of related non-polymeric materials are now being investigated (75) for interferon activation,... 

Cellulose, Polysaccharide, Activation, Cellulose solvents. Esterification, Etherification, Ionic liquids, NMR spectroscopy. Nucleophile displacement. Protecting groups, Regioselective functionalization... 

Its volume practically does not change on variation of pH, ionic strength, and in the presence of some organic solvents. It may be sterilized. It cannot be used, of course, in the presence of cellulases. For the immobilization of bacitracin on the cellulose we used processes that give rise to a stable bond of the ligand to the polysaccharide activation of the cellulose with 2, 4, 6-trichlorotriazine or benzoquinone directly or by diazo-tization of a 2-(4-aminophenylsulfonyl) ethyl derivative of cellulose. Bacitracin-celluloses were used for the purification of subtilisin DY and for isolation of alkaline proteinase from the culture medium of Bacillus subtllis. The best results were obtained with a biospecific adsorbent prepared by the attachment of bacitracin to bead cellulose activated by 2,4,6-trichlorotriazine. 

Metabolic Functions. Manganese is essential for normal body stmcture, reproduction, normal functioning of the central nervous system, and activation of numerous enzymes (126). Synthesis of the mucopolysaccharide chondroitin sulfate involves a series of reactions where manganese is required in at least five steps (127). These reactions are responsible for formation of polysaccharides and linkage between the polysaccharide and proteins that form... 

PolysuWde Process. One modification to the kraft process being appHed commercially is the polysulfide process (38). Under alkaline conditions and relatively low temperature (100—120°C), polysulfides oxidize the active end group of the polysaccharide polymer to an alkaH-stable aldonic acid. This reaction, known for many years (39), was not produced on a commercial scale until the development of an efficient method for in situ generation of the polysulfide in kraft white Hquor. 

Significant protection of mice by several polysaccharides other than glucan isolated from S. cerevisiae has been described (209). A 2.16-fold protection in the LD q q is observed for one modifier, MNZ, when given 15 min prior to irradiation. Glucan protects 2.25-fold in this same protocol. Many of these polysaccharides may act through activation of the complement system, rather than directiy on ceHs. 

Polarimetric determination of the sucrose concentration of a solution is vaUd when sucrose is the only optically active constituent of the sample. In practice, sugar solutions are almost never pure, but contain other optically active substances, most notably the products of sucrose inversion, fmctose and glucose, and sometimes also the microbial polysaccharide dextran, which is dextrorotatory. Corrections can be made for the presence of impurities, such as invert, moisture, and ash. The advantage of polarization is that it is rapid, easy, and very reproducible, having a precision of 0.001°. 

Composition and Methods of Manufacture. The vaccine consists of a mixture of purified capsular polysaccharides from 23 pneumococcal types that are responsible for over 90% of the serious pneumococcal disease in the world (47,48). Each of the polysaccharide types is produced separately and treated to remove impurities. The latter is commonly achieved by alcohol fractionation, centrifugation, treatment with cationic detergents, proteolytic en2ymes, nucleases or activated charcoal, diafiltration, and lyophili2ation (49,50). The vaccine contains 25 micrograms of each of the types of polysaccharide and a preservative such as phenol or thimerosal. 

CS derivatives/salts have found limited use as detergents (25), antistatic coatings for photographic film (26), oil drilling fluids (25), thickeners in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals (27). They have been recommended for use as cation exchangers (28,29). Also, sulfated polysaccharides have recendy shown interesting antiviral activity (30). 

Enzymes Degrading Macromolecules. Enzymes that degrade macromolecules such as membrane polysaccharides, stmctural and functional proteins, or nucleic acids, have all shown oncolytic activity. Treatment strategies include the treatment of inoperable tumors with pepsin (1) antitumor activity of carboxypeptidase (44) cytotoxicity of ribonudease (45—47) oncolytic activity of neuraminidase (48—52) therapy with neuraminidase of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (53) antitumor activity of proteases (54) and hyaluronidase treatment in the management of human soHd tumors (55). 

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