Polysaccharide analysis electrophoresis

In the previously described electrophoretic methods, the capillary was filled with electrolytes only. Another mode of operation in capillary electrophoresis involves filling the capillary with gel or viscous polymer solutions. If desired, a column can be packed with particles and equipped with a frit.68 This mode of analysis has been favorably used for the size determination of biologically important polymers, such as DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides. The most frequently used polymers in capillary gel electrophoresis are cross-linked or linear polyacrylamide,69 cellulose derivatives,70-75 agarose,76 78 and polyethylene glycols. 

Jann, B., Reske, K., Jann, K. Heterogeneity of lipopolysaccharides. Analysis of polysaccharide chain lengths by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Eur J Biochem 60 (1975) 239-246. 

There are no unambiguous criteria for the purity of a polysaccharide, and there is no generally applicable method for following the purification process. Chemical analyses of the component sugars and determination of the optical rotation are sometimes useful. The purification can also be followed by paper electrophoresis, preferably on glass-fiber sheets, by sedimentation analysis in an ultracentrifuge, or by use of such selective precipitation agents as the antisera mentioned above. 

Li, J., Wang, Z. and Altman, E. In-source fragmentation and analysis of polysaccharides by capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 19,1305, 2005. 

The hemicellulosic fraction of the seed endosperm of groundnuts (Arachis hypogea) contains a (l- 4)- -D-gluco-D-mannan. The homogeneity of the polymer was confirmed by electrophoresis, sedimentation, and sugar analysis. Hydrolysis of the methylated polysaccharide yielded 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-glucose and -D-mannose, 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-D-glucose, and 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-D-mannose in the molar ratio 1.6 21.2 5.6, respectively. 

Alginate lyase from Turbo cornutus acted on sodium alginate and resulted in a rapid decrease in viscosity and a gradual increase in reducing power of the substrate solution. The result of gel filtration of the reaction products indicated that uronic acid oligosaccharides were liberated as the final product. The fact that the enzyme attacked preferentially the D-mannuronate-rich moieties of the alginate molecule was demonstrated by an analysis with paper electrophoresis of the reaction products after acid treatment, which separated the uronic acid oligosaccharides from the uronic acid polysaccharides. 

Carbohydrate analysis using enzymatic hydrolysis and subsequent capillary zone electrophoresis (ENZ/CZE) revealed the number of 4-0-methylglucuronic acid units to be approximately one unit per nineD-xylose residues (Table 4). No glucuronic acid units were detected. The carbohydrate composition of the polysaccharide isolated here from aspen wood is quite similar to that previously reported for typical hardwood xylans . SEC analysis indicated the molecular weight (Mw) to be 15000 g/mol. 

Polysaccharide lyases can be combined with separation methods such as chromatography and electrophoresis for the preparation of glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides for biological evaluations as well as for disaccharide analysis, oligosaccharide mapping and polysaccharide sequencing. 

The measurements of electrochemical impedance, voltammetric (po-larographic) analysis, and spectroelectrochemistry represent a basis for analysis of molecules of biological significance in bulk of solution and at interfaces. These principles are reviewed in the first four chapters. The next three chapters demonstrate how these principles are utilized in voltammetric and interfacial analysis of biomacromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides, and viruses in vitro, in the development of biosensors with electrochemical transducers and in in vivo voltammetry. The last two chapters of this volume are devoted to the principles of electrophoresis used for separation analysis of biomolecules and to the theoretical principles and practical description of the patch-clamp technique to an extent suitable for those wishing to initiate research in electrophysiology. 

H. Scherz, Analysis of polysaccharides used as food additives. IX. Separation of polysaccharide-containing thickeners by thin-layer electrophoresis, Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. 75/ 40-44 (1985). 

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