1,3-Polyols, long-chain

These foams are produced from long-chain, Hghtiy branched polyols reacting with a diisocyanate, usuaUy toluene diisocyanate [1321 -38-6] (TDI), to form an open-ceUed stmcture with free air dow during dexure. During manufacture these foams are closely controUed for proper density, ranging from 13 to 80 kg/m (0.8—5 lbs/ft ), to achieve the desired physical properties and cost. 

In addition, polyester polyols are made by the reaction of caprolactone with diols. Poly(caprolactone diols) are used in the manufacture of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers with improved hydrolytic stabiHty (22). The hydrolytic stabiHty of the poly(caprolactone diol)-derived TPUs is comparable to TPUs based on the more expensive long-chain diol adipates (23). Polyether/polyester polyol hybrids are synthesized from low molecular weight polyester diols, which are extended with propylene oxide. 

Surface-Active Agents. Polyol (eg, glycerol, sorbitol, sucrose, and propylene glycol) or poly(ethylene oxide) esters of long-chain fatty acids are nonionic surfactants (qv) used in foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, textiles, cleaning compounds, and many other appHcations (103,104). Those that are most widely used are included in Table 3. 

These fibres contain long chains of poly glycols or polyesters between polyurethane blocks. Urethane gets copolymerised with suitable polyol or polyester and then melt spun as monofilament or polyfilament yarn. The urethane blocks are in a randomly disordered fashion in the yarn. When stretched they uncoil and straighten out. 

The compositions consist of a heat-plastified mixture of an ethylene homopolymer or copolymer, about 3 to 30 pbw of an elastomer, a stability control agent, which is a partial ester of a long chain fatty acid with a polyol, higher allyl amine, fatty acid amide or olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer, and a hydrocarbon blowing agent having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and a boiling point between -175 and 50C. 

The groups of Burczyk, Takeda, and others have made thorough studies of cyclic acetals, such as 1,3-dioxolane (five-membered ring) and 1,3-dioxane (six-membered ring) compounds, illustrated in Fig. 13. They are typically synthesized from a long-chain aldehyde by reaction with a diol or a higher polyol. Reaction with a vicinal diol gives the dioxolane [40-42] and 1,3-diols yield dioxanes [43,44]. 

Soft segments One of the two phases which make up polyurethane. The soft segment is composed of long-chain polyether or polyester polyols. The soft segment controls many of the polyurethane properties such as tensile and tear strength, hydrolysis and chemical resistance, glass transition temperature, and flexibility. 

Long-chain polyether polyols, such as polypropylene glycol, when reacted with epichlorohydrin produce a diepoxy resin with an internal polyether chain that serves both to... 

The production of polyurethane involves the controlled polymerization of an isocyanate, a long-chain-backbone polyol and a shorter-chain extender or cross-linker. The reaction rates can be controlled through the use of specific catalyst compounds, well known in the industry, to provide sufficient time to pour or otherwise transfer the mix and to cure the polymer sufficiently to allow handling of the freshly demolded part. The use of blowing agents allows the formation of a definite cellular core (thus the term microcellular elastomer ) as well as a non-porous skin, producing an integral sandwich-type cross section. 

Impact A process for making long-chain polyol polyethers as precursors for polyurethanes. Developed by Arco, acquired by Bayer in 2000. A further development was CAOS. 

Polyurethanes. Thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) contain urethane groups, —O—CO—NH— in their structure obtained from the reaction of a diisocyanate (OCN—R—CNO) with a polyol. These polyurethanes are block copol3miers in which hard blocks formed by reaction of a diisocyanate with a short-chain diol alternate with soft blocks formed by reaction of a diisocyanate with a long-chain diol. 

Tautomycin was obtained from the terrestrial microorganism Streptomyces spiroverticillatus and is chemically characterised as an ester of a carboxylic acid derived fi om a dialkyl maleic anhydride, with a long chain (26-C) polyol containing two cyclic ethers. In a simultaneous study of the best-known natural inhibitory compounds of PP2A, in which the non-radioactive malachite green assay was applied, tautomycin was the least potent compound [144]. This is consistent with the findings reported by Honkanen et al. [129] and other authors. Its primary site of phosphatase inhibition is PPlc, as was reported in a comparative study with okadaic acid and calyculin A [131]. 

Crystallization and precipitation Fractionates based on melting point In situ removal of long-chain and hydroxy FFA and polyol monoesters... 

Polycondensation of dicarboxylic acids, polyols, and long-chain fatty acids yields so-called fatty acid complex esters, which are highly compatible PVC lubricants offering a good combination of release effect and transparency. Typical examples are glycerol adipate stearate or pentaerythritol adipate oleate. 

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