Polymers Related Subjects

Moayad N. Khalaf is a professor of polymer chemistry at the Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Basrah, Iraq. He received his BSc in chemistry science, MSc in physical-organic chemistry, and PhD in polymer chemistry from the University of Basrah in Iraq. Professor Khalaf has more than 27 years of professional experience in the petrochemical industry, earned while working with the company for Petrochemical Industries, Iraq. In 2005, he joined the Chemistry Department at the University of Basrah, where now he is lecturing on most polymer related subjects. Dr. Khalaf supervised more than 12 MSc and 4 PhD students. He has 19 Iraqi patents and more than 100 scientific papers published in peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings. His research interests are ... 

Rapra Review Reports comprise a unique source of polymer-related information with useful overviews accompanied by abstracts from hundreds of relevant documents. A Rapra Review Report is an excellent starting point to improve subject knowledge in key areas. Subscribers to this series build up a bank of information over each year, forming a small Ubrary at a very reasonable price. This series would be an asset to corporate libraries, academic institutions and research associations with an interest in polymer science. 

In the present chapter we shall be concerned with quantitative treatment of the swelling action of the solvent on the polymer molecule in infinitely dilute solution, and in particular with the factor a by which the linear dimensions of the molecule are altered as a consequence thereof. The frictional characteristics of polymer molecules in dilute solution, as manifested in solution viscosities, sedimentation velocities, and diffusion rates, depend directly on the size of the molecular domain. Hence these properties are intimately related to the molecular configuration, including the factor a. It is for this reason that treatment of intramolecular thermodynamic interaction has been reserved for the present chapter, where it may be presented in conjunction with the discussion of intrinsic viscosity and related subjects. 

There are three chapters in this volume, two of which address the microscale. Ploehn and Russel address the Interactions Between Colloidal Particles and Soluble Polymers, which is motivated by advances in statistical mechanics and scaling theories, as well as by the importance of numerous polymeric flocculants, dispersants, surfactants, and thickeners. How do polymers thicken ketchup Adler, Nadim, and Brenner address Rheological Models of Suspensions, a closely related subject through fluid mechanics, statistical physics, and continuum theory. Their work is also inspired by industrial processes such as paint, pulp and paper, and concrete and by natural systems such as blood flow and the transportation of sediment in oceans and rivers. Why did doctors in the Middle Ages induce bleeding in their patients in order to thin their blood ... 

Polymer blends have become a very important subject for scientific investigation in recent years because of their growing commercial acceptance. Copolymerizalion and blending are alternative routes for modilications of properties of polymers. Blending is the less expensive method. It does not always provide a satisfactory alternative to copolymerization, of course, but polymer blends have been successfully used in an increasing number of applications in recent years. Such successes encourage more attempts to apply this technique to a wider range of problems in polymer-related industries. 

This chapter first introduces different types of polymers and polymer-related profile confrol systems used in enhanced oil recovery (EOR), although the list is in no way comprehensive. Then the chapter discusses several polymers developed in China, especially those used in field tests. Then it focuses on the polymer solution properties and polymer flow behavior in porous media. Numerous special subjects regarding polymer flooding (PF) are discussed, and field pilot tests and application cases are presented. Finally, the chapter summarizes the field experience and learning of polymer flooding. 

The surface ripples have been observed previously in polymer solutions subject to shear stress [1-7] and in some cases have been captured in films formed by evaporation of these solutions. These surface bands, termed row nucleated structures by Kiss and Porter [7], are considered to be intimately related to molecular alignment within the film, which, in the case of PBLG, appears to be about 45° to the field direction and thus also to the direction of the striae. 

The tensile-stress relaxation modulus of a certain polymer can be approximated by an expression of the form given in eqn (4.S3). Relaxed and unrelaxed tensile moduli are r = O.SGPa and u = 1.5GPa, respectively, with relaxation time t 5s. The polymer is subjected to a constant rate of tensile strain e = 10 s" . Derive the stress-strain relation Boltzmann superposition principle. 

Still another related effect can be observed when a quenched glassy polymer is subjected to varying mechanical history by successive stress relaxation experiments in uniaxial extension. The relaxation times of poly(methyl methacrylate) appear to increasp with this progressive stress history more rapidly than with the lapse of... 

When a network polymer is subjected to an external force, It undergoes elastic deformation. The behavior of crosslinked polymers under strain has been the subject of considerable work. The classic reference is by Treloar Peppas and Barr-Howell have reviewed the specific problems related to hydrogels [28, 29]. Here we will briefly discuss the measurements made to extract crosslink density from polymer deformation. 

The subject of this book, sustainable polymers, is of foremost importance nowadays, and interest in this area is expected to grow much further. The chapters cover a very interesting collection of related subjects and are written by influential groups around the world. As presented in the book, these materials may be applied in a variety of fields, and more research in the area will help reduce dependence on fossil fuels for the production of competitive polymers. ... 

This chapter aims to present a coherent treatment of the fundamental aspects of the science of polymer stabilization technology. The state-of-the-art is discussed with particular emphasis on recent developments and progress made in leading research laboratories. Several examples are used to illustrate the underlying mechanistic basis for the modes of action of a wide selection of antioxidants and stabilizers. The closely related subjects of polymer degradation and test methods used to evaluate oxidation, processing, end use and environmental stabilities should be consulted elsewhere for a more integrated view of polymer stabilization. 

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