Polymers biodiesel

In addition to the general use of alkyl gallates as additives in the food and cosmetic industries, their particular features have prompted the study of their potential application for other uses, such as in the polymer, biodiesel, and textile industries. Some examples are described below. 

Physicochemical Properties of Biodiesel. - The redox characteristics of biodiesel make it a reducing agent for materials, such as brass, bronze, cooper, lead, tin and zinc. For this reason, contact of biodiesel with these materials must be avoided.Materials such as aluminum, steel, fluorinated polymers and Teflon do not react with biodiesel and can be used to handle it. In addition, biodiesel shows mild solvent properties hence, biodiesel contact with painted or varnished surfaces as well as rubber devices, such as hoses, seals and gaskets, may cause problems. 

These fatty acids and oils, as well as their derivatives, are applied in a broad range of products such as surfactants, lubricants and coatings, and, obviously, biodiesel. Upon epoxidation of the double bonds of the unsaturated fatty acids, very important compounds for the polymer industry are produced, which are used as plasticizers and stabilizers for a broad range of polymers such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyesters, and polyurethanes [71]. Another interesting application has been found in the conversion of epoxidized soybean oil to carbonated soybean oil that can be reacted with ethylene diamine to obtain a polyurethane with interesting properties [72], Traditionally, stoichiometric reagents are used for the epoxidation of these oils and fats, albeit in some cases, with limited results. Therefore, the MTO/H2O2 system has been explored to epoxidize unsaturated fatty acids and oils. 

The basic course content is typical for an introductory environmental chemistry course (Table 2.2). The syllabus is flexible and is modified to support the research projects. For example, when projects related to recycling are pursued, then topics related to polymers, plastics and paper chemistry are covered in detail. However, when biodiesel was the focus of a laboratory-based project (described below), then less time was spent on recycling-related topics and various organic chemistry topics were added. The syllabus is intentionally flexible and... 

Ashby, R.D., Solaiman, D.K.Y. andFoglia, T.A. 2004. Bacterial Poly(hydroxyalkanoate) Polymer Production from the Biodiesel Co-Product Stream../. Polym. Environ., 12, 105-112. 

In 2009, worldwide production of methanol was around 40 million metric tons. Although this amount represents only 0.01% of the worldwide gasoline production, it is nearly equivalent to the total biodiesel and bioethanol production [11], From this number, it is clear that a large-scale replacement of gasoline by methanol as fuel would require an enormous increase of worldwide methanol synthesis capacities. Today, chemical intermediates dominate methanol consumption. Formaldehyde a platform molecule for the synthesis of polymer resins - is responsible for nearly half of the total demand. Acetic acid, MTBE, and methyl methacrylate - a monomer -constitute another 25% [7, 12]. Direct fuel and additive usage accounts for 15% of demand but is expected to rise. 

Recently, biodiesel has been used as a solvent in free radical-initiated polymerization reactions (Figure 5.8). It should be noted that in contrast to polymerization reactions in some other green solvents, including SCCO2, there is no need to modify the initiator for reactions in biodiesel. All the resulting polymers except poly(methyl methacrylate) were soluble in the biodiesel. Lower molecular weights were obtained compared with conventional polymerization... 

It has been accounted that, on a production scale of PHB of 100,000 tons per year, the production costs will decrease from US 4.91 to US 3.72 kg , if hydrolysed com starch (US 0.22 kg ) is chosen as the carbon source instead of glucose (US 0.5 kg ) [33]. But this is still far beyond the cost for conventional polymers, which in 1995 was less than US 1 [32]. Lee et al. estimated that PHB and mcI-PHA can be produced at a cost of approximately US 2 kg [36]. The precondition therefore would be attaining high productivity and the use of inexpensive carbon sources. Among such substrates, molasses [37], starch [38], whey from the dairy industry [37-42], surplus glycerol from biodiesel production [39, 43], xylose [44, 45], and plant oils [46] are available. 

Venkat Reddy, C.R., Fetterly, B.M. and Verkade, J.G. (2007) Polymer-supported azidoproa-zaphosphatrane a recyclable catalyst for the room-temperature transformation of triglycerides to biodiesel. Energy Fuels, 21, 2466-2472. 

Liu JH, Jen HL, Chung YC (1999) Surface modification of polyethylene membrans using phos-phorylcholine derivatives and their platelet compatibility. J Appl Polym Sci 74 2947-2954 Loh SK, ChooYM, Cheng SF, Ma A (2006) Recovery and conversion of palm olein-derived used frying oil to methyl esters for biodiesel. J Oil Palm Res 18 247-252 Loo C-Y, Lee W-H, Tsuge T, Doi Y, Sudesh K (2005) Biosynthesis and characterization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) from pahn oQ products in a Wautersia eutropha mutant. Biotechnol Lett 27 1405-1410... 

The prominence of lipids in the chemical industry is growing year on year and they are now one of the major renewable feedstocks used in a chemist s synthetic toolbox. They are readily obtained in different parts of the planet and can be easily modified to produce a wide range of chemical precursors for polymer production. However, many associate the commercial use of lipids in areas such as biodiesel, lubricants and paint formulations and not with the largely investigated use of polymers. This chapter aims to define loosely what a lipid is, and highlight the main areas where they have been employed in bioplastics production to date. 

It was shown how industrial waste like surplus whey, crude glycerol phase, lignocellu-loses, molasses and residues from the slaughtering and biodiesel industry can be upgraded to substrates for biopolymer production. Applying such waste streams as carbon source can be regarded as the most promising route to make the entire PHA biopolymer production process economically competitive this is valid for bulk plastics made of petrochemical competitors as well as for special polymers currently used for niche products. 

Ashby RD, Solaiman DKY, Fogha TA (2004) Bacterial poly(hydroxyalkanoate) polymer production from the biodiesel co-product stream. J Polym Environ 12 105-112 Ashby RD, Solaiman DKY, Foglia TA (2005) Synthesis of short-Zmedium-cheiin-length poly(hydroxyalkanoate) blends by mixed culture fermentation of glycerol Audic J-L, Chaufer B, Daufin G (2003) Non-food applications of milk components and deiiry co-products a review. Lait 83 417—438 Baptist JN (1963) US Patent 3,107,172 Baptist JN (1965) US Patent 3,182,036... 

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