Polymers average prices

Polymer Estimated Production, 1,000 tons Estimated Average Price, cents/lb Value, S million Portion of Total Polymer Value, %... 

The commercial value of a chemical is another method of measuring the importance of a chemical. It is estimated by multiplying the price by the amount produced, giving an indication of the total money value of the chemical manufactured in the U.S. each year. The more important chemicals and polymers have well over 1 billion/yr commercial value. For example, for 1999 the average price of sulfuric acid was 86/ton or 4.30/lb and the amount produced was 90.2 billion lb or 45.1 million tons. Some chemicals are also routinely quoted as 0/lb. To convert /ton to 0/lb we multiply by 0.05 ... 

Between 1976 and 1996 the average price of polymer-grade ethylene was about 500 US per ton. As shown in Figure 8.2-5, top, the global price of ethylene varies greatly. During this period, a first maximum of about 750 US /t was observed in Western Europe in 1980. The ethylene feedstock prices increased to 900 US /t in 1991. A minimum of 300 US /t in 1976, followed by two further minima of 350 and 400 US /t in 1986 and 1994, were reported [2]. 

In 2003, the average price of starch blends was around 3.0-5.0 per kg. In 2005, the average price range of starch blends was down to 1.5-3.5 per kg. PLA is now being sold at prices between 1.37-2.75 per kg compared to a price range of 3.0-3.5 per kg three years ago, and is now almost price competitive with PET. The average cost of an aliphatic aromatic co-polyester has fallen from 3.5-4.0 per kg in 2003 to 2.75-3.65 per kg in 2005. Prices are expected to fall further for all biodegradable polymer types over time as production volumes increase and unit costs fall. 

Global sales in the oil and gas industry are of the same order of magnitude as those of the world s chemical and pharmaceutical industry (Table 1.2.7). If the global oil and gas consumption and the respective average prices are taken as an estimation of sales, we obtain values of these two businesses of 2000 and 800 billion a , respectively, compared to sales for the global chemical and pharmaceutical industry of 2500 billion a (basic chemicals, life sciences, fine chemicals, and consumer products, see Tab. 1.2.7). Within the chemical and pharmaceutical industry, the share of the sales of basic chemicals (including polymers) is 36% followed by life science products (mainly pharmaceuticals) with 30%, and fine chemicals and consumer products with 23% and 11%, respectively... 

Figure 5.5.1 Average price and world demand of various fuels and organic chemicals at about 2001 (olefins, aromatics, oxygenated intermediates, polymers, biological chemicals, and others) [data from Lange (2001)].

Polyetherimide is one of the most expensive high performance polymers. At the end of 2000, the average price of PEI was around 9.50-10.5 per kg. PEI prices have been fairly stable in the last... 

The injection moulding cost of a part roughly represents the price of the raw polymer. The average selling prices are of the order of ... 

Interestingly, our own studies have revealed that both the shape of the macromolecule and the glass transition temperature, Tg, change with irradiation time. For example, the irradiation of a bimodal commercial sample of polyvinylcarbazole (PNVK) (Fig. 5.31a) in dichloromethane occurred with an initial increase in (the number average) molar mass (M ) and an apparent loss in the bimodal nature of the polymer (Tab. 5.16, Fig. 5.31b). A similar initial increase in has been observed by Price [39] during a sonically induced polymerisation. 

As explained in Sections 16.3.4, 6.4.1, and 16.4.2, SEC is a nonabsolute method, which needs calibration. The most popular calibration materials are narrow molar mass distribution polystyrenes (PS). Their molar mass averages are determined by the classical absolute methods—or by SEC applying either the absolute detection or the previously calibrated equipment. The latter approach may bring about the transfer and even the augmentation of errors. Therefore, it is recommended to apply exclusively the certified well-characterized materials for calibrations. These are often called PS calibration standards and are readily available from numerous companies in the molar mass range from about 600 to over 30,000,000g moL. Their prices are reasonable and on average (much) lower than the cost of other narrow MMD polymers. Other available homopolymer calibration materials include various poly(acrylate)s and poly(methacrylate)s. They are, similar to PS, synthesized by anionic polymerization. Some calibration materials are prepared by the methods of preparative fractionation, for example, poly(isobutylene)s and poly(vinylchloride)s. 

The primary dimensional requirement on a polymer sample is that it be sufficiently thin. (It is possible to obtain reflection spectra of polymers [Robinson and Price (187, 188)], in which case thin specimens are not required, but the use of this technique has thus far not proven to be as fruitful as transmission spectra, and we will not consider it here.) In the NaCl prism region (roughly 650 to 3500 cm-1) specimens as thin as 0.002 mm may be required in order to avoid essentially 100% absorption at some band peaks. The average thickness required in this region for most bands is usually about 0.02 mm. Thicknesses about ten times larger are optimum for frequencies above 3500 cm 1 (the overtone and combination region) and below 650 cm-1 (the far infrared region). Samples areas down to 1 by 3 mm are usable [Wood (247)], and even smaller if a microspectrometer is employed [Blout (76)]. 

Recently, Deacon, Price, and coworkers reported the synthesis and study of polymers containing triphenyl and tributyltin as side chains and of polystannanes produced using the Wurtz polymerization [59]. The polystannanes were characterized employing Mossbauer spectroscopy. The polystannane shown below exhibits some liquid-crystal behavior. The products have weight average molecular weights of 2.5 10. The coordination number for tin is 4 with the tin present as a distorted tetrahedral geometry (4). 

The peculiarities of heterophase polymerizations are directly connected with the dispersed state. Figure 3 shows schematically the main difference between 1 g of polystyrene as bulk material and as a dispersion. The bulk material is a single particle with a diameter (Z)) of 1.22 cm and a total surface area (Ap) of4.676 cm, whereas the same amount of material in the dispersed state with an average particle size of 50 nm is subdivided or compartmentalized into 1.455 x 10 particles (N), with a total surface of 1.143 x 10 cm. This increase in both iV andAp causes both the advantages and problems of heterophase polymerizations and polymer dispersions compared to homogeneous counterparts. The prices mentioned in Figure 3 for that 1 g of polystyrene in different states show interestingly that the increase in the total surface area almost corresponds to the increase in the... 

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