Water-soluble polymeric carriers

Kopecek J. The potential of water-soluble polymeric carriers in targeted and site-specific drag delivery. J Control Release 1990 11 279-290. 

Grim Y, Kopecek J. Bioadhesive water-soluble polymeric carriers for site-specific oral drug delivery. Synthesis, characterisation and relesae of 5-aminosalicylic acid by Streptococcus faecium in vitro. New Polym Mater 1991 3 49-59. 

SYNTHESIS, ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND CYTOTOXICITY OF FERROCENE-CONTAINING POLYASPARTAMIDES AS WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMERIC DRUG CARRIER/DRUG CONJUGATES Swarts J C... 

The main purpose of pesticide formulation is to manufacture a product that has optimum biological efficiency, is convenient to use, and minimizes environmental impacts. The active ingredients are mixed with solvents, adjuvants (boosters), and fillers as necessary to achieve the desired formulation. The types of formulations include wettable powders, soluble concentrates, emulsion concentrates, oil-in-water emulsions, suspension concentrates, suspoemulsions, water-dispersible granules, dry granules, and controlled release, in which the active ingredient is released into the environment from a polymeric carrier, binder, absorbent, or encapsulant at a slow and effective rate. The formulation steps may generate air emissions, liquid effluents, and solid wastes. 

Kwon GS. Polymeric micelles for delivery of poorly water-soluble compounds. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 2003 20(5) 357-403. 

Polymeric carriers are biodegradable or water-soluble polymer matrices, typically in the form of colloidal-sized particles (microspheres or nanospheres), rods, or films. The active agent is entrapped within but not chemically bonded to the matrix. The drug is released in a sustained fashion as the polymer is dissolved or degraded, eroded, and finally resorbed [24,30,58-62]. 

Among the substances which are described here, the polymers have only a vehicle function or they represent the deposit form. Besides the above-described polymeric N-oxides and plasma substitutes further water-soluble nontoxic polymers, such as polymers from 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate or methacrylate (71), alkylsulfinyl acrylates and methacrylates (72), diethoxyethylenes (73), and other substances as yet pharmacologically tested, are in question. Differentiation, however, can be between preparations, whose active substance has to be split off - a fact which has to be taken for granted in the case of substances that are active in the central nervous system -and substances that are still active at the polymeric carrier. Only recently it has been shown by Kaplan (74, 75) that this is possible, at least in such cases where an activity is to be supposed via receptors in the cell membrane. In many other cases this question cannot be cleared up unequivocally. 

Several polymers were found to fit all or most of the above criteria and were used to prepare the carrier films. Many polymers have been used for this purpose, viz., ethyl cellulose, poly(y-benzyl glutamate), poly(vinyl acetate), cellulose acetate phthalate, and the copolymer of methyl vinyl ether with maleic anhydride. In addition to the base polymers, plasticizers were often needed to impart a suitable degree of flexibility. Plasticizers, which are found to be compatible with polymeric materials include, acetylated monoglycerides, esters of phthalic acid such as dibutyl tartarate, etc. An excipient was usually incorporated into the matrix of the carrier films. The excipients used were water-soluble materials, which are capable of creating channels in the polymer matrix and facilitate diffusion of the drug. PEGs of different molecular weights were used for this purpose. 

Piskin, E. (2004), Molecularly designed water soluble, intelligent, nanosize polymeric carriers, Int. J. Pharm., 277(1-2), 105-118. 

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