Polymerization polyfvinyl chloride

Polyfvinyl chloride) Resin derived from the polymerization of vinyl chloride. 

C j 4 alkyl group) 0.5—8.0%, and binder 15—45%. The binder contains 15—45% polymeric material, such as poly (vinyl acetate) or polyfvinyl chloride) with the lower alkyl esters of NC and 65— 85% oxygenated hydrocarbon plasticizers (such as lower alkylene glycols their oxalates, maleates, diglycolates or nitrodiphenyl ethers, etc). E.g. AN 78, Prussian Blue 3, N-amino-alkylmorpholine 3) binder 12, carbon black 3 MgO I%]... 

Polyfvinyl chloride) (PVC) is produced by mass, suspension, and emulsion processes. Mass polymerization is an exatiiple of a heterogeneous bulk system. PVC is virtually insoluble in vinyl chloride because the polymer is about 35% more dense than the monomer under normal polymerization conditions. Vinyl chloride, however, is quite soluble in polymer. The two phases in PVC polymerizations are pure monomer and monomer-swollen polymer. Polymerization proceeds in both phases, but it is very much faster in the polymer-rich phase because the mobility of macro radicals and mutual termination reactions are. severely restricted (cf. Section 6.13.2). 

Polyfvinyl chloride), the polymer produced from the polymerization of vinyl chloride, is known as PVC. Straight-chain polyfvinyl chloride) is hard and rather brittle branched polyCvinyl chloride) is the soft elastic vinyl conunonly used both as a substitute for leather and in the manufacture of such things as garbage bags and shower curtains (Section 28.2). Poly(acrylonitrile) looks like wool when it is made into fibers. It is marketed under the trade names Orion (DuPont), Creslan (Sterling Fibers), and Acrilan (Monsanto). 

Polyethylene is used for milk, food, and detergent bottles. Polypropylene is used for outdoor carpeting for home and sports stadia. Polyfvinyl chloride) is used for home siding and plastic pipe. Polystyrene is used for hot drinking cups and fast-food containers. Polytetrafluoroethylene is used for nonstick cookware. Polymerization of these and other alkenes on an industrial scale is responsible for producing over 50 billion lb per year of plastic and elastomer products in the United States. 

Polymeric carbocations have been formed from a chlorine-containing polymer such as chlorinated SBR and polystyrene, polyfvinyl chloride), and polychloroprene, by reaction with (C2H5)2A1C1, for example... 

TG-DTA-MS has obvious synthetic polymer applications. TA-MS has been appHed to study the thermal behavior of homopolymers, copolymers, polymeric blends, composites, residual monomers, solvents, additives, and toxic degradation products. In the latter context, FICl evolution from heated polyfvinyl chloride) materials is readily quantified by TA-MS and such data are of major significance in the design of fire-resistant polymeric materials. Pyrotechnic materials have been studied by TA-MS. A complex sequence of thermal events relates to the decomposition of these materials involving interactions between the nitrocellulose, perchlorate, and metal components with periodic release of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Only by EGA is it possible to rationalize the thermal behavior of such materials. TA-FTIR has also been applied extensively to study the thermal characteristics of synthetic polymers... 

Recently, Wills et al. [16,17] proposed a novel agglomeration method. Core/shell impact modifiers, useful in toughening polyfvinyl chloride) and other thermoplastics, are prepared at small particle size by an emulsion polymerization process, agglomerated by the novel technique which has little effect on emulsion solid, are further encapsulated by a final shell, and are isolated by spray drying or coagulation. The isolated particles are readily redispersed to their original particle size in the matrix polymer. 

Fig. 3. Theoretical values of the dipole moment ratio at 298 K for polyfvinyl chloride) iPVC) and poly(p-chlorost)nene) (PPCS) chains of degree of polymerization = 100, in terms of the probability p, of stereochemical replication (isotactic placements). Calculated points and their standard deviations have been omitted on the grounds of clarity for PVC (Reproduced from Mark2))...

Emulsion polymerization is an important technological process widely used to prepare acrylic polymers, poly(vinyl chloride), polyfvinyl acetate), and a large nnm-ber of copolymers. The technique differs from the suspension method in that the particles in the system are much smaller, 0.05 to 5 pm diameter, and the initiator is soluble in the aqueous phase rather than in the monomer droplets. The proeess oITcts the uniqne opportunity of being able to increase the polyma- ehain laigth withont altering the reaction rate. This can be achieved by changing dther the tempraature or the initiator coneentration, and the reasons for this will become more obvions when we examine the teehniqne more closely. 

Chu et al. [70] demonstrated a simple and effective route for the hydrophilic surface modification of ceramic-supported PES membranes by synthesizing a polyfvinyl alcohol) (PVA)/polyamide (PA) composite thin sinface layer with an interfacial polymerization method (IP) method. The reaction of the interfadal polymerization is schematically shown in Figure 2.7. A prepared tubular ceramic-supported PES membrane (both ends sealed) was immersed in a terephthaloyl chloride solution in benzene and... 

---