Sulfonic acid, polymeric

The sulfonic acid moiety has been iacorporated iato a variety of nonfluofinated polymeric materials (111). Chain-end sulfonated polymers are produced by the reaction of sultones with polymeric organolithiums (112). Polymeric sulfonic acids such as these are iacorporated ia positive-working photoresist compositions (113). 

The three activation parameters, AG, AH, and AS decreased with polyelectrolyte addition. The decrease in AS suggests that the acceleration is due to the enthalpic loss. We recall that the acid hydrolyses of aliphatic esters with polymeric sulfonic acid was accompanied by decreases in AH and AS 97, 98 ... 

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The functional group can also be introduced in a monomer used in the original polymerization. Sulfonic acids can be introduced as their sodium salts with sodium 4-vinylbenzenesulfonate. In one case, this was used with W,W-dimethylacrylamide and methylenebis(acrylamide) as... 

The preparation of elastomeric hydrocarbon polymers containing low levels of sulfonic acid is a relatively recent development (8, y). The neutralization of the polymeric sulfonic acid to the corresponding metal sulfonate results in a strongly and highly associated system. 

Neutralization of Sulfonated EPDM. Neutralization of the polymeric sulfonic acid was accomplished in two ways ... 

When the polymer acids are treated with metallic bases the bulk and solution properties of the neutralized products are changed markedly. In bulk the neutralized products behave as if they are covalently cross-linked. In fact, they are not covalently cross-linked since they are soluble in mixtures of hydrocarbon and polar solvents (12). Nevertheless, their solution behaviors are so significantly different from those of the base polymers and the polymeric sulfonic acids that effective neutralization is not a simple operation. If solutions containing the free polymeric sulfonic acid are treated with an aqueous solution of neutralizing agent, a gel results which prevents effective neutralization and processing. The metal sulfonates are solubilized through the inclusion of a polar cosolvent such... 

Many reports have focused on the functionalization and derivatization of cyclo-pentadienyl groups bound to iron in ferrocene complexes. As an example, a series of ferrocenyl esters have been prepared via solvent-free reactions of ferrocenoyl fluoride with substituted phenols after microwave heating for just 1 min. " In the case of 4-bromophenol, the YIF was 1.2, but most substrates gave somewhat lower yields than the conventional method. However, the microwave approach did not require the addition of A, A -dimethylaminopyridine that was necessary conventionally. Other reports include a green approach to the acylation of ferrocene using the polymeric sulfonic acid Nation as an acid catalyst " and a one-pot approach to the synthesis of l,5-dioxo-3-substituted[5]ferrocenophanes from l,T-diacetylferrocene and aldehydes via a Claisen-Schmidt reaction. " " ... 

A non-covalent immobilisation of chiral trans-N,N-dipTopyl diaminocyclo-hexane was also investigated by the same authors on the basis of acid-base interactions. This immobilisation strategy employed solid acids, such as polystyrene (PS)/sulfonic acids. The involvement of these heterogeneous catalysts in the aldolisation of cyclohexanone with benzaldehydes allowed the aldol products to be synthesised in excellent yields and enantioselectivities of up to 99% ee eombined with moderate to high nnti-diastereoselectivities of up to 92% de, as shown in Seheme 2.33. Furthermore, these polymeric sulfonic acids could be easily reeovered by filtration and reused for six eyeles with a similar stereoseleetivity but a slightly decreased activity. 

Scheme 2.33 Aldolisations of cyclohexanone catalysed by polymeric sulfonic acids.

Dependence of the membrane properties from the membrane preparation method. In the case of very weak polybases, such as POSAI, it was possible to mix the polybase with the polymeric sulfonic acid in the same (dipolar-aprotic)... 

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