Polymeric solid electrolyte

Munshi MZA, Smyrl WH (1991) Insertion Reactions of Sodium in VgOo Single Crystals from a Sohd Polymeric Electrolyte. Solid State Ionics 45 183-189. doi 10.1016/0167-2738(91)90151-Z... 

With solid (and particularly polymeric) electrolytes which at the same time function as separators, one can appreciably reduce the distance between the electrodes and hence increase the electrode area per unit of reactor volume. Very compact equipment for water electrolysis which has no liquid electrolyte has been designed. 

Note 2 The terms polyelectrolyte, polymer electrolyte, and polymeric electrolyte should not be confused with the term solid polymer electrolyte. 

Nanosecond transient absorption measurements provided a further indication of efficient mediator transport within the nanopores of the gel, showing basically no difference in dye regeneration using the liquid iodide/iodine precursor and the quasi-solid-state polymeric electrolyte. 

Poly(ethylene)oxide-salt complexes have of late received considerable attention in view of their use as solid polymeric electrolytes. Complexes of PEO with LiBF4 [52], LiCF3S03 [52], modified with polydimethyl siloxane [53], LiC104 [54, 55], Li+, Na+, K+, Mg++ and Ba++, Nal [56], NaSCN [56], poly-(2-sulfonethyl methacrylate-Li) [57], poly(2,4-dicarboxyhexafluorobutyl-ethoxy methacrylate-Li salt) [57] have been thoroughly investigated. 

Another important potential application for fuel cells is in transportation (qv). Buses and cars powered by fuel cells or fuel cell—battery hybrids are being developed in North America and in Europe to meet zero-emission legislation introduced in California. The most promising type of fuel cell for this application is the SPFC, which uses platinum-on-carbon electrodes attached to a solid polymeric electrolyte. 

Figure 18 Various models proposed for the surface films that cover Li electrodes in nonaqueous solutions. The relevant equivalent circuit analog and the expected (theoretical) impedance spectrum (presented as a Nyquist plot) are also shown [77]. (a) A simple, single layer, solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) (b) solid polymer interphase (SPI). Different types of insoluble Li salt products of solution reduction processes are embedded in a polymeric matrix (c) polymeric electrolyte interphase (PEI). The polymer matrix is porous and also contains solution. Note that the PEI and the SPI may be described by a similar equivalent analog. However, the time constants related to SPI film are expected to be poorly separated (compared with a film that behaves like a PEI) [77]. (With copyrights from The Electrochemical Society Inc., 1998.)...

In the event of abuse cases, such as short circuit, exposure to air, or overcharge or overdischarge, it is assumed that solid state Li batteries based on polymeric electrolyte systems should be much less dangerous than liquid-based batteries. It is expected that the former battery systems would be much better protected in the above cases from thermal runaway than are the liquid-based batteries. 

Gold thin-film gas sensors can be used to detect parts per million of NO in air without the combined use of any semiconductor material [630]. Also, amperometric NO gas sensors prepared with Au/solid polymeric electrolytes can be used [631]. 

In evaporation-intercalation devices solar energy conversion would, at least in the more efficient case of a thermal system, not be converted by exciting electrons and rapidly separating them from holes, but by transferring atoms or molecules across a phase boundary by evaporation which is usually a very efficient process. It is, consequently, neither necessary to use materials which are well crystallized like those developed for photovoltaic cells nor is it necessary to prepare sophisticated junctions. A compacted polycrystalline sheet of a two-dimensional material which is on one side placed in contact with an electrolyte, sandwiched between the layer-type electrode and a porous counter electrode, as it is used in fuel cells, would constitute the central energy conversion unit. Some care would have to be taken to choose an electrolyte which is suitable for intercalation reactions and which is not easily evaporated through leaks in the electrodes. Thin layers of polymeric or solid electrolytes would seem to be promising. 

Sulfobutanedioio acid 1,4-bis(1 -methylpentyl) ester sodium sail. Alphasol MA Aerosol MA Bis(l-methylamyl) sodium sulfosuccinate Butanedioic acid, sulfo-, 1,4-bis(1-methylpentyl) ester, sodium salt Oihexyl sodium sulfosuccinate EINECS 227-847-0 Lankropol KMA Sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate Sodium 1,4-diisohexyl 2-sulphosucoinate. Emulsifier, wetting agent, especially in solutions of electrolytes used as a solubilizer for soaps, emulsion polymerization aid. Solid soluble in H2O, pine oil, oleic acid, MezCO, kerosene, CCI4, EtOH, CsHe, hot olive oil, glycerol insoluble in liquid petrolatum. Harcros. 

While it is possible that future polymeric batteries will be all-polymeric solid-state batteries, it is predicted, however, that the most promising solid state batteries will combine polymeric electrolytes with nonpolymeric electrode materials such as TiS2, VeOis, Li or LiAl, the specific capacity of which surpasses that of polyacetylene electrodes. 

Anode typically lithium ( ) Solid polymeric electrolyte... 

J.M. Sansinena, V. Olazabal, T.F. Otero, C.N. Polo da Fonseca, and M.-A.D. Paoli, A solid state artificial muscle based on pol3fpyrrole and a solid polymeric electrolyte working in air, Chem. Comm., (22), 2217-2218 (1997). 

The definition of a solid polymer electrolyte should not be confused with that of a polymeric electrolyte [whose macromolecules contains ionic or ionizable groups, or both). Polyelectrolytes can be either synthetic or natural [12,16-18, 20-23]. 

In porous wet solids such as the ion exchange resins, or in the bacterial wall, and in gels it is apparent that some of the ions can be bound and be relatively fixed, while the counterions are relatively free and mobile. It turns out that the polarizabilities of such structures can be huge, especially at low frequencies. The dielectric behavior of certain large polymeric electrolytes can also imitate this behavior. - ... 

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