Polymerase chain reaction discovery

The discovery and exploitation of enzymes in aldoxime-nitrile pathway nitrile hydratase, amidase, nitrilase, aldoxime dehydratase, etc., are shown along with the use of methodologies, such as organic chemistry, microbial screening by enrichment and acclimation culture techniques, enzyme purification, gene cloning, molecular screening by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). 

Additionally it has been our experience that mass spectrometry as a routine detection/identification technique for bacteria is not well received by microbiologists and clinicians who prefer less expensive, less complicated approaches to bacterial typing and identification, such as methods based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). For that reason we have adapted our MS approach to serve as a means of biomarker discovery that feeds candidate proteins or leads into development as PCR targets or other immunoassay techniques. 

Abbreviation Bp, nucleotide base pairs cDNA, complementary DNA ChIP, chromatin Immunoprecipi-tation Cy5, cyanine 5-dCTP Cy3, cyanine 3-dCTP ESTs, expressed sequence tags FDR, false discovery rate MIAME, minimum information about a microarray experiment mRNA, RNA, messenger NIA, National Institutes of Aging RFUs, relative fluorescence units RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction SAGE, serial analysis of gene expression SAM, significance analysis of microarrays... 

David E. Nikles We ve heard about the innovation cycle from three big companies that have established businesses. How long was that from discovery to marketplace for the polymerase chain reaction for replicating DNA Do smaller companies have a faster pace ... 

Having examined the principal features of combinatorial chemistry as an ongoing business concern, it is instructive and useful to compare and contrast the field with other major platform biotechnologies that are shaping modern drug discovery and development. In particular, combinatorial chemistry will be compared with gene therapy and also with the business that has emerged as a result of the invention of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). 

Recently, the discovery of polymerase chain reactions (PCR) by K. B. Mullis [4] in 1985 clearly demonstrates that in vitro , abiotic construction of DNA in a flask by these genealogical directed synthesis strategies is presently a routine and significant commercial process. These genealogically directed syntheses lead to an extramolecular proliferation of molecular level progeny. 

Over the past 30 years, most of the important discoveries in the biological sciences have been associated with proteins and nucleic acids, and thus chemists have been most active in conducting their research to address the relationship between the structure and function of these macromolecules as well as to develop small molecules as mechanistic probes or drug candidates to target these two types of biopolymers. This rapid progress of development is undoubtedly due to—other than the importance of proteins and nucleic acids in biological functions—the availability of various powerful tools (such as the polymerase chain reaction, solid-phase synthesizers, sequence analysis, and sensitive assay systems) to both chemists and biologists, and the close interplay between these two disciplines. 

HPLC life science applications focus on the separation, quantitation, and purification of biomolecules such as proteins, peptides, amino acids, nucleic acids, nucleotides, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification products.31 34 These are diversified and active research areas in medical research and drug discovery. 

The rapid growth and popularity of RNAi as a research topic of interest and as a useful tool in the laboratory is evidenced by the tremendous yearly increase in publications on the subject since its initial description less than a decade ago. A current search of the scientific literature, using the terms RNAi and siRNA as keywords, reveals that over 10,000 articles have been published on the subject within the last 5 years, since the beginning of this century (Figure 7.6-1). This type of response to a technical discovery is wholly unprecedented and could only perhaps be reasonably compared with the explosion of significant and widespread advances that the invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [15-17] contributed to biological research and current biotechnology toward the end of the last century. 

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