Polymer-based labeling

POLYMER-BASED LABELING, BASIC TWO-STEP METHOD... 

Although sensitivity may be increased in many instances using polymer-based labels, others have reported that with some antibodies, particularly those that require proteolytic digestion or target unmasking, the EnVision method revealed slightly weaker staining and less sensitivity. This outcome was believed... 

In two-layer methods, exemplified by the indirect and polymer-based labels, each of the separate immune reagents must be applied at optimal dilution. In addition, the dilutions of the primary and secondary antibodies (or labels) are interdependent in terms of contrast developed by the procedure as a whole. This fact necessitates comparison of the results obtained using several dilutions of the labeling reagent (secondary antibody) with several different dilutions of the primary antibody comparison is achieved by checkerboard titration (Table... 

In-mold labeling (IML) is a process for labeling and/or decorating a plastic object while the object is being injection molded. A polymer-based label is placed in the open mold and held in position by vacuum, electrostatics, or some other means. The mold closes and molten plastic resin is injected into the mold where it conforms to the shape of the object and integrates the polymer label into the object s wall. 

Lee K, Maisel K, Rouillard JM, Gulari E, Kim J (2008) Sensitive and selective label-free DNA detection by conjugated polymer-based microarrays and intercalating dye. Chem Mater 20 2848-2850... 

In this section an overview of the numerous methods and principles for the discrimination of enantiomers is given. First, the interaction principles of the polymer-based methods adapted from chromatographic procedures are illustrated. The discrimination of enantiomers was achieved some decades ago by using different types of stationary materials, like cyclodextrins or polymer-bonded amide selectors. These stationary-phase materials have successfully been appointed for label-free optical sensing methods like surface plasmon resonance (SPR) or reflectometric interference spectroscopy (RIfS). Furthermore, various successful applications to optical spectroscopy of the well-established method of fluorescence measurements for the discrimination of enantiomers are described. 

Figure 1. Conventional immunohistochemical detection methods. Florseradish peroxidase (HRP) and alkaline phosphatase are commonly employed as enzymes for visualization with chromogen. A The polymer -based method in which dextran polymer is commonly used. B Streptavidin/biotin reaction-based methods including the labeled streptavidin (LSAB) and streptavidin-biotin complex (sABC) methods.

Base-Catalyzed Cyclization Cross-Linked Polymer Deuterium-Labeling Experiment High-Temperature System Non-Hydrogen-Bonding Molecules Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone... 

There are growing opportunities for polymer-based synthetic papers for labels where the printability and reduced environmental impact of Nodax polymers could play a role. 

The secondary antibody, which is produced against immunoglobulin of the species from which the primary antibody is derived, is readily prepared with a high order of specificity and affinity. Many commercial sources are available for labeled secondary reagents, including polymer-based reagents. 

There are several ways of introducing alkaline phosphatase labeled reagents, essentially paralleling those methods used with horseradish peroxidase. Ongoing improvements in polymer-based methods (discussed in the following section) are so dramatic that it appears likely that these methods will supersede PAP and streptavidin biotin methods as the primary method as well as for double stains. However, a brief description of special alkaline phosphatase applications follows. 

Multi-step detection systems PAP, ABC, APAAP, B-SA Increase the accumulation of labeling signal (enzyme or others) PAP, 2- to 50-fold ABC, 2- to 1 00-fold increase The polylabeling technique and polymer-based amplification systems are simpler, cheaper, and faster than other multi-step detection systems as a biotin-free detection system, avoids the problem of the endogenous biotin reaction... 

Gel Permeation Chromatography. Tc-labeled proteins on polymer-based column packing can be purified from precursor reagents and unbound radiolabeling. The first eluted macromolecules are separated according to their size from the smaller molecules. 

Islam MR, Serpe MJ (2014) Polymer-based devices for the label-free detection of DNA in solution low DNA concentrations yield large signals. Anal Bioanal Chem 406 4777... 

Notes The values of A, B, and C and thus of y are based on a reference volume Vre/ = 0.1 nm Polymer notation A d- label preceding the polymer acronym indicates a per-deuterated polymer partially deuterated polymers are labeled as dy, df, etc., for selective deuteration of 3, 4, etc., hydrogens. Numbers in subscripted parentheses after the polymer name indicate the primary comonomer fraction, e.g., SPB(6s) is a saturated polybutadiene with 66 mol% butadiene Polymer acronyms P2VP poly(2-vinyl pyridine), P4MS poly(4-methylstyrene), PBMA poly(n-butyl methacrylate), PCHA poly(cyclohexyl acrylate), PEB poly(ethyl butylene), PIB polyisobutylene, PI polyisoprene, PMMA poly(methyl methacrylate), PPMA poly(n-pentyl methacrylate), PP polypropylene, HHPP head-to-head polypropylene, PS polystyrene, PVME poly(vinyl methyl ether), PXE poly(2,6-dimethyl-l,4-phenylene oxide), SPB saturated polybutadiene, SPI saturated polyisoprene... 

Figure 18.9 Examples of multicomponent polymer-based beads synthesized in an MFFD polyfTPCDA) microspheres labeled with 4-amino-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole dye (a) or CdSe quantum dots (b), polyfTPCDA) microspheres incorporating 4-cyano-4 -pentylbiphenyl liquid crystal as seen by...

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