Polyhydric alcohol esters

Poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) (PHMB) pool sanitizer, 26 177 Polyfhexamethylene sulfoxide), 23 734 Polyhydrazide, 73 574 Polyhydric alcohol esters, 70 498 Polyhydric alcohol mercaptoalkanoate esters, 2 48... 

Alkyl esters Polyhydric alcohol esters of 12-hydroxystearic acid octadecyl 12-hydroxstearate ethylene glycol monoester Paracin 1 Baker Castor Oil Co... 

Polyhydric alcohol esters. Reactions of fatty acids with polyhydric alcohols derived from reduction of sugars such as sorbitol results in a mixtnre of esters of both the sorbitol and its dehydrated ethers sorbide and isosorbide. Ethoxylation of this complex mixtnre of esters involves insertion of ethoxylation and transesterification ethoxylation as described earlier, resulting in a highly complex composition with performance properties that are dependent on the precise conditions for both the esterification and the ethoxylation steps. This is described classically as a product-by-process, which is difficult to reproduce due to the affect of the commercial-scale manufacturing kit on the precise conditions of each step of the reaction. 

In the single-component pre-reacted type of formulation a polyisocyanate has been pre-reacted with a polyhydric alcohol ester of a fatty... 

Polyesters from polybasic acids and polyhydric alcohols. Alkyd resins. The condensation of polyhydric alcohols and polybasic acids or anhydrides leads to polj esters known as alkyd resins. The most common member of the group is a glycerol - phthahc acid polymer, and this has led to the term glyptal resins being frequently apphed to the whole group. 

When dealing with esters of water-soluble, non steam-volatile, poly-hydric alcohols e.g., ethylene glycol or glycerol), the distillate consists of water only (density 1 00). The water soluble, non-volatile alcohol may be isolated by evaporation of the alkahne solution to a thick syrup on a water bath and extraction of the polyhydric alcohol from the salt with cold ethyl alcohol. 

Polyhydric alcohol mercaptoalkanoate esters are prepared by reaction of the appropriate alcohols and thioester using -toluenesulfonic acid catalyst under nitrogen and subsequent heating (16,17). Organotin mercapto esters are similarly produced by reaction of the esters with dibutyltin oxide (18). Pentaerythritol can be oxidized to 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)hydracryhc acid [2831-90-5] C H qO, ... 

Bromohydrins can be prepared direcdy from polyhydric alcohols using hydrobromic acid and acetic acid catalyst, followed by distillation of water and acetic acid (21). Reaction conditions must be carehiUy controlled to avoid production of simple acetate esters (22). The raw product is usually a mixture of the mono-, di-and tribromohydrins. 

Polyols. Several important polyhydric alcohols or polyols are made from formaldehyde. The principal ones include pentaerythritol, made from acetaldehyde and formaldehyde trimethylolpropane, made from -butyraldehyde and formaldehyde and neopentyl glycol, made from isobutyraldehyde and formaldehyde. These polyols find use in the alkyd resin (qv) and synthetic lubricants markets. Pentaerythritol [115-77-5] is also used to produce rosin/tall oil esters and explosives (pentaerythritol tetranitrate). Trimethylolpropane [77-99-6] is also used in urethane coatings, polyurethane foams, and multiftmctional monomers. Neopentyl glycol [126-30-7] finds use in plastics produced from unsaturated polyester resins and in coatings based on saturated polyesters. 

Polyol Esters. Polyol esters are formed by the reaction of an alcohol having two or more hydroxyl groups, eg, a polyhydric alcohol and a monobasic acid. In contrast to the diesters, the polyol in the polyol esters forms the backbone of the stmcture and the acid radicals are attached to it. The physical properties maybe varied by using different polyols or acids. Trimethylolpropane [77-99-6] C H O, and pentaerythritol [115-77-5] are... 

Heteroatom functionalized terpene resins are also utilized in hot melt adhesive and ink appHcations. Diels-Alder reaction of terpenic dienes or trienes with acrylates, methacrylates, or other a, P-unsaturated esters of polyhydric alcohols has been shown to yield resins with superior pressure sensitive adhesive properties relative to petroleum and unmodified polyterpene resins (107). Limonene—phenol resins, produced by the BF etherate-catalyzed condensation of 1.4—2.0 moles of limonene with 1.0 mole of phenol have been shown to impart improved tack, elongation, and tensile strength to ethylene—vinyl acetate and ethylene—methyl acrylate-based hot melt adhesive systems (108). Terpene polyol ethers have been shown to be particularly effective tackifiers in pressure sensitive adhesive appHcations (109). 

As a dibasic acid, malic acid forms the usual salts, esters, amides, and acyl chlorides. Monoesters can be prepared easily by refluxing malic acid, an alcohol, and boron trifluoride as a catalyst (9). With polyhydric alcohols and polycarboxyUc aromatic acids, malic acid yields alkyd polyester resins (10) (see Alcohols, polyhydric Alkyd resins). Complete esterification results from the reaction of the diester of maUc acid with an acid chloride, eg, acetyl or stearoyl chloride (11). 

Polyol ester turbine oils currendy achieve greater than 10,000 hours of no-drain service in commercial jet aircraft with sump temperatures ranging to over 185°C. Polyol esters are made by reacting a polyhydric alcohol such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylol propane, or pentaerythritol with a monobasic acid. The prominent esters for automotive appfications are diesters of adipic and a2elaic acids, and polyol esters of trimethylolpropane and pentaerythritol (34). 

The most important derivatives of the carboxyl group are formed by esterification with monohydric or polyhydric alcohols. Typical alcohols used iaclude methyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, and pentaerythritol. These rosia esters have a wide range of softening poiats and compatibiUties. 

Esterification is one of the most important reactions of fatty acids (25). Several types of esters are produced including those resulting from reaction with monohydric alcohols, polyhydric alcohols, ethylene or propylene oxide, and acetjiene or vinyl acetate. The principal monohydric alcohols used are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, and isobutyl alcohols (26) (see Esterification Esters, organic). 

A continuous distillation process has been studied for the production of high boiling esters from intermediate boiling polyhydric alcohols and low boiling monocarboxyhc aUphatic or aromatic acids (56). The water of reaction and some of the organic acid were continuously removed from the base of the column. 

Besides these normal technical products, many other different types of a-sulfo fatty acid esters have been described in the literature. For example, Weil et al. prepared a-sulfopalmitates and stearates with higher alcohols [19] and also monoesters of polyhydric alcohol [39] and of hexitols and sucrose [40] for their special properties. In addition to the sodium salt, Stirton et al. used other cations, such as Li, NH4, K, Mg, and Ca, to study the relationship between the structure and the surfactant properties [30]. 

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