Polyethylene glycol solution preparation

Reddy DN, Rao GV, Sriram PV. Efficacy and safety of oral sodium phosphate versus polyethylene glycol solution for bowel preparation for colonoscopy. Indian J Gastroenterol 2002 21(6) 219-21. 

Observational studies The use of oral sodium phosphate and polyethylene glycol solutions as bowel cleansing preparation for radiological examination of the colon has been evaluated in an observational survey in 592 adults [79 ]. Sodium phosphate was rated superior to polyethylene glycol by both patients and physicians. There were similar patterns of adverse reactions, in particular nausea (26% and 24% respectively) and cramps (20% and 27%). Abdominal bloating was more frequent with polyethylene glycol (35% versus 17%), while dry mouth occurred more frequently with sodium phosphate (16% versus 8%). 

Mineral and metal metabolism Two women, aged 65 and 70 years, developed tonic-clonic seizmes after intake of polyethylene glycol solutions as bowel preparation for colonoscopy. In both cases, 4 L of polyethylene glycol solutions were taken. However, the addition of 3 L of clear water was taken by the second patient. Seizures were associated with elevated blood pressure and hyponatraemia. Both patients were treated with intravenous sodium solutions. The normalisation of sodium levels was followed by a complete neurologic recovery. Follow-up visits showed normal sodium levels without residual neurologic deficiencies [71 ]. 

Dextrin Polyethylene glycol 400 Use 5 mL of 2% aqueous solution of chloride-free dextrin per 25 mL of 0. IM halide solution. Prepare a 50% (v/v) aqueous solution of the surfactant. Use 5 drops per 100 mL end-point volume. 

Docusate Calcium. Dioctyl calcium sulfosuccinate [128-49-4] (calcium salt of l,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)ester butanedioic acid) (11) is a white amorphous soHd having the characteristic odor of octyl alcohol. It is very slightly soluble in water, and very soluble in alcohol, polyethylene glycol 400, and com oil. It may be prepared directly from dioctyl sodium sulfo succinate dissolved in 2-propanol, by reaction with a methan olic solution of calcium chloride. 

Reinhoudt, Gray, Smit and Veenstra prepared a number of monomer and dimer crowns based on a variety of substituted xylylene units. They first conducted the reaction of 1,2-dibromomethylbenzene and a polyethylene glycol with sodium hydride or potassium Z-butoxide in toluene solution. Mixtures of the 1 1 and 2 2 (monomer and dimer) products were isolated and some polymer was formed . The reaction was conducted at temperatures from 30—60° and appeared to be complete in a maximum of one hour. The authors noted that the highest yield of 1 1 cyclic product was obtained with disodium tetraethylene glycolate instead of dipotassium hexaethylene gly-colate (see also Chap. 2) . Chloromethylation of 1,3-benzodioxole followed by reaction with disodium tetraethylene glycolate afforded the macrocycle (29% yield) illustrated in Eq. (3.20). 

In the preparation of surfactants by the reaction of alcohols with P4Ol0 with subsequent neutralization of the partial phosphate esters with a base, the quality of the surfactants is improved by using RNEt3OH (R = Et or benzyl) in alcoholic solution as the base, by using C6 10 alcohol mixtures of hydroxyethylated C7 9 alcohols or equimolar mixtures of C6 I0 alcohols with polyethylene glycol (mol wt 200-1500) and by using a reaction temperature of 55-60°C [8]. 

The simplest way to prepare a biocatalyst for use in organic solvents and, at the same time, to adjust key parameters, such as pH, is its lyophilization or precipitation from aqueous solutions. These preparations, however, can undergo substrate diffusion limitations or prevent enzyme-substrate interaction because of protein-protein stacking. Enzyme lyophilization in the presence of lyoprotectants (polyethylene glycol, various sugars), ligands, and salts have often yielded preparations that are markedly more active than those obtained in the absence of additives [19]. Besides that, the addition of these ligands can also affect enzyme selectivity as follows. 

Fig. 6.2 Absorption spectrum of silver nanoparticles prepared from an aqueous solution (70 ml) of AgN03 (0.2 mM) containing polyethylene glycol (0.1 wt%) and ethylene glycol (0.1 M)...

Preoperative mechanical bowel preparation polyethylene glycol-electrolyte solution lavage - 4 liters p.o. over 3-4 h starting at 6.00 a.m. on the day prior to surgery sodium phosphate1 prep of 45 ml p.o. at 6.00 p.m. 2 days prior to surgery and 6.00 a.m. the day prior to surgery... 

Miettinen RP, Laitinen ST, Markela JT, Paak-konen ME Bowel preparation with oral polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution vs. no preparation in elective open colorectal surgery Prospective, randomized study. Dis Colon Rectum 2000 43 669-675. 

Liu and others (Liu et al., 2007) conjugated polyethylene glycol (PEG) to C60 (C60-PEG), and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) was subsequently introduced to the terminal group of PEG to prepare C60-PEG-DTPA that was mixed with gadolinium acetate solution to obtain Gd3+-chelated C60-PEG-DTPA-Gd. Following intravenous injection of C60-PEG-DTPA-Gd into tumor-bearing mice, the PDT... 

Precipitants polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200-8000, 1. Prepare a series of precipitant solutions at various... 

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