Polyester resins production data

Table 3.1 shows the production and application data of some polyester manufacturers. Plant capacities vary between 10,000 and 300,000 tonnes per annum. Some of the listed companies also mannfactnre vinylesters or epoxy thermosets as well as polyesters. The average price of polyester resin between 1999 and 2012 is demonstrated in Fig. 3.8, which shows that the price of polyester resin steadily increased nntil the economic crisis (2008), after which it decreases from nearly 2.5/kg to 1.6/kg. This tendency is similar to that observed for Brent crude however, Brent cmde nnderwent a sharper drop than polyester resin. 

The Western European production of unsaturated polyester resins in 2002 was 471 kilotonnes. A summary of the production data for the years 2000 - 2002 is given in Table 6.1. 

The cross-linked unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) is a rigid product, but its detailed microstructure is less well defined. If maleic acid is used in the condensation reaction, most of it isomerizes to the more favoured trans-isomer (fumarate), which reacts differently with styrene, as shown by the different copolymerization reactivity ratios in model reactions (Table 10.2). The data show that in the styrene/maleate system, the styrene is more likely to homopolymerize this is clearly undesirable when employed for cross-linking. The styrene/fumarate reaction is more favoured for copolymerization and hence for cross-linking. 

Aromatic amines formed from the reduction of azo colorants in toy products were analysed by means of HPLC-PDA [703], Drews et al. [704] have applied HPLC/ELSD and UV/VIS detection for quantifying SFE and ASE extracts of butyl stearate finish on various commercial yarns. From the calibrated ELSD response the total extract (finish and polyester trimer) is obtained and from the UV/VIS response the trimer only. Representative SFE-ELSD/UV finish analysis data compare satisfactorily to their corresponding SFE gravimetric weight recovery results. GC, HPLC and SEC are also used for characterisation of low-MW compounds (e.g. curing agents, plasticisers, by-products of curing reactions) in epoxy resin adhesives. 

Acrylic acid [79-10-7] - [AIR POLLUTION] (Vol 1) - [ALDEHYDES] (Vol 1) - [ALLYL ALCOHOL AND MONOALLYL DERIVATIVES] (Vol 2) - [MALEIC ANHYDRIDE, MALEIC ACID AND FUMARIC ACID] (Vol 15) - [POLYESTERS, UNSATURATED] (Vol 19) - [FLOCCULATING AGENTS] (Vol 11) - [CARBOXYLICACIDS - SURVEY] (Vol 5) -from acetylene [ACETYLENE-DERIVED CHEMICALS] (Vol 1) -from acrolein [ACROLEIN AND DERIVATIVES] (Vol 1) -acrylic esters from [ACRYLIC ESTER P OLYMERS - SURVEY] (Vol 1) -from carbon monoxide [CARBON MONOXIDE] (Vol 5) -C-21 dicarboxylic acids from piCARBOXYLIC ACIDS] (Vol 8) -decomposition product [MAT. ETC ANHYDRIDE, MALEIC ACID AND FUMARIC ACID] (Vol 15) -economic data [CARBOXYLIC ACIDS - ECONOMIC ASPECTS] (Vol 5) -ethylene copolymers [IONOMERS] (Vol 14) -in floor polishes [POLISHES] (Vol 19) -in manufacture of ion-exchange resins [ION EXCHANGE] (V ol 14) -in methacrylate copolymers [METHACRYLIC POLYMERS] (Vol 16) -in papermaking [PAPERMAKING ADDITIVES] (Vol 18)... 

Based on SPI Composites Institute data on U.S. production of composites, in 1987 about 560,000 lb of the total of 2,536,000 lb of composites produced were reinforced TPs. The total figure includes all types of reinforcements and resins. At least 80 percent of composites were glass fiber reinforced, and 60 percent were polyester (TS) types. 

Tables 14.22.1 and 14.22.2 provide data on releases and transfers from both polymer manufaeturing and man-made fiber produetion in flie USA. Carbon disulfide, methanol, xylene, and ethylene glycol are used in the largest quantities. Carbon disulfide is used in manufacture of regenerated cellulose and rayon. Efliylene glycol is used in the manufacture of polyethylene terephthalate, the manufacture of aUcyd resins, and as cosolvent for cellulose ethers and esters. Methanol is used in several processes, the largest being in the production of polyester. This industry is the 10th largest contributor of VOC and 7th largest in releases and transfers.

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