Polydipsia

Those with type 1 diabetes mellitus produce insulin in insufficient amounts and tiierefore must have insulin supplementation to survive Type 1 diabetes usually has a rapid onset, occurs before die age of 20 years, produces more severe symptoms tiian type 2 diabetes, and is more difficult to control. Major symptoms of type 1 diabetes include hyperglycemia, polydipsia (increased thirst), polyphagia (increased appetite), polyuria (increased urination), and weight loss. Treatment of type 1 diabetes is particularly difficult to control because of the lack of insulin production by die pancreas. Treatment requires a strict regimen tiiat typically includes a carefully calculated diet, planned physical activity, home glucose testing several times a day, and multiple daily insulin injections. 

Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, bone tenderness or pain, polyuria, polydipsia, constipation, dehydration, muscle weakness and atrophy, stupor, coma, cardiac arrest... 

Patients with metabolic alkalosis rarely have symptoms attributable to alkalemia. Rather, complaints are usually related to volume depletion (muscle cramps, positional dizziness, and weakness) or to hypokalemia (muscle weakness, polyuria, and polydipsia). 

Symptoms of diabetes plus a casual plasma glucose concentration greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L). Casual is defined as any time of day without regard to time since last meal. The classic symptoms of diabetes include polyuria, polydipsia, and unexplained weight loss. 

I day for diagnosis unless unequivocal symptoms of hyperglycemia exist, such as polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia. The ADA recommends FPG determination as the principal tool for diagnosis of DM in non-pregnant adults owing to ease of use, acceptability to patients, and lower cost.7 While the OGTT is more sensitive and modestly more specific than FPG determination, it is difficult to reproduce the results and is rarely performed in practice today. 

The answer is c. (Katzung, p 493.) Lithium treatment frequently causes polyuria and polydipsia. The collecting tubule of the kidney loses the capacity to conserve water via anti diuretic hormone. This results in significant free-water clearance, which is referred to as nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. 

A 55-year-old postmenopausal female develops weakness, polyuria, and polydipsia. Nephrocalcinosis is detected by a computed tomography (CT) scan. Her serum creatinine is elevated. Which of the following agents may have caused these adverse effects ... 

The answer is c. (Hardman, p 15.33.) Enthusiastic over medication with vitamin D may lead to a toxic syndrome called hy/jervitamijmsis D. The initial symptoms can include weakness, nausea, weight loss, anemia, and mild acidosis. As the excessive doses are continued, signs of nephrotoxicity are manifested, such as polyuria, polydipsia, azotemia, and eventually nephrocalcinosis. In adults, osteoporosis can occur. Also, there is CNS impairment, which can result in mental retardation and convulsions. 

Between 20% and 40% of patients present with diabetic ketoacidosis after several days of polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and weight loss. 

Lethargy, polyuria, nocturia, and polydipsia can be present on diagnosis significant weight loss is less common. 

Regardless of the insulin regimen chosen, gross adjustments in the total daily insulin dose can be made based on A1C measurements and symptoms such as polyuria, polydipsia, and weight gain or loss. Finer insulin adjustments can be determined on the basis of the results of frequent SMBG. 

Muscle weakness and transient lethargy occur in about 30% of patients. Polydipsia with polyuria and nocturia occurs in up to 70% of patients and is managed by changing to once-daily dosing at bedtime. 

Hypercalcemia of malignancy develops quickly and is associated with anorexia, nausea and vomiting, constipation, polyuria, polydipsia, and nocturia. Hypercalcemic crisis is characterized by acute elevation of serum calcium to greater than 15 mg/dL, acute renal failure, and obtundation. Untreated hypercalcemic crisis can progress to oliguric renal failure, coma, and life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. 

In those patients who survive more than a few weeks, the effects of renal tubular dysfunction become more severe. Acidosis and hypo-phosphatemic rickets are prominent features. The urine is alkaline and gives a strong Rothera reaction. However, the ability to concentrate the urine is never lost and there is neither polydipsia nor polyuria. Aminoaciduria, hydroxyphenyluria, glucosuria, fructosuria, and proteinuria continue. The liver remains large and cirrhotic. Death finally occurs in liver failure, sometimes after several years. There is evidence that some children recover with no residual signs other than a large firm liver. 

Willis (1621-1675) appreciated that the sweetness of urine in the pissing-evil must be preceded by sweetness in the blood. Various surgeons in the seventeenth century explored the effects of extirpating the pancreas from dogs. Any dog which remained alive is unlikely to have had its pancreas completely removed, but reports on the survivors refer to polydipsia and polyuria, frequently observed in untreated diabetics. 

In addition, the presence of glucose in the tubules increases the osmotic pressure which pulls water from the blood into the tubule. Consequently, both glucose and water are lost from the body. This results in polyuria, dehydration, thirst and, hence, polydipsia. Indeed, it is these two symptoms that may persuade an unsuspecting diabetic to seek medical advice. 

Dysuria refers to difficult or painful urination. Dysuria generally indicates urinary tract infections. Symptoms of hyperglycaemia include polyuria (excretion of abnormally large quantity of urine), polydipsia (excessive thirst), visual disturbances, ketonuria and weakness. 

The LCso for rats exposed to DMN vapor for 4 hours (and observed for 14 days) was 78 ppm for similarly exposed mice the LCso was 57ppm. Dogs exposed for 4 hours to 16-144 ppm developed vomiting, polydipsia, and anorexia most exposed dogs died, but one survivor showed residual liver damage 7 months after exposure. ... 

Like coumarin derivatives, phenindione, a compound of the indandione class, acts by altering biosynthesis of coagulant proteins in the liver. It is used for preventing and treating thrombosis, thrombophlebitis, and thromboembolism. However, because of a number of side effects such as poly urea, polydipsia, tachycardia, and others, it is rarely used in practical medicine. Synonyms of this drug are pindone, bindan, gevuUn, indan, phenyhne, and rectadione. 

G/-Appetite increased, constipation, diarrhea, dry mouth, dysphagia, polydipsia, salivation, taste altered. 

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus Administration of demeclocycline has resulted in appearance of the diabetes insipidus syndrome (polyuria, polydipsia, and weakness) in some patients on long-term therapy. 

Onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus usually occurs within the first two decades of life presenting symptoms Include hyperglycemia, polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia (excessive urination, thirst, and appetite, respectively), often with serious ketoacidosis in response to a stressor such as a viral infection. 

The characteristic symptoms of diabetes include excessive thirst, polyuria, pruritus, polydipsia with otherwise unexplained weight loss, and often symptoms from one or more of its related complications. Type 2 diabetes may be asymptomatic, so that the diagnosis is sometimes made as a result of abnormal screening tests on blood or urine. The onset of type 2 diabetes can occur up to 7 years before clinical diagnosis (see Harris et al., 1992). 

Deficiency of pituitary vasopressin (arginine vasopressin or AVP, also termed anti-diuretic hormone, ADH) causes the syndrome of polyuria, thirst and polydipsia termed cranial diabetes insipidus. It is... 

Because it is stable, desmopressin is preferred for treatments especially if pressor effects are not desired. The primary indication for therapy is central diabetes insipidus, a disorder that results when ADH secretion is reduced and that is characterized by polydipsia, polyuria, and dehydration. Desmopressin is also used to reduce primary nocturnal enuresis, or bedwetting, in children. It is useful in people with mild hemophilia A or with some types of von Willebrand s disease, in which von Willebrand s factor is present at low levels. In these cases, desmopressin is given when excessive bleeding occurs or before surgery to help reduce bleeding indirectly by increasing the amounts of coagulation factors. 

Clinical symptoms Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia Often asymptomatic... 

Later signs of overdosage are evidenced by polyuria, polydipsia, anorexia, weight loss, nocturia, photophobia, rhinorrhea, pruritus, disorientation, hallucinations, hyperthermia, hypertension, and cardiac arrhythmias. 

Urticaria, rash diabetes insipidus syndrome, marked by polydipsia, polyuria, and weakness (with long-term therapy). 

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