Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons aerosols

Chen, J., Quan, X., Yan, Y., Yang, F., Peijnenburg, W.J.G.M. (2001) Quantitative structure-property relationship studies on direct photolysis of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric aerosol. Chemosphere 42, 263-270. 

Dachs, J., Eisenreich, S.J. (2000) Adsorption onto aerosol soot carbon dominates gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 3690-3697. 

The NO + 03 chemiluminescent reaction [Reactions (1-3)] is utilized in two commercially available GC detectors, the TEA detector, manufactured by Thermal Electric Corporation (Saddle Brook, NJ), and two nitrogen-selective detectors, manufactured by Thermal Electric Corporation and Antek Instruments, respectively. The TEA detector provides a highly sensitive and selective means of analyzing samples for A-nitrosamines, many of which are known carcinogens. These compounds can be found in such diverse matrices as foods, cosmetics, tobacco products, and environmental samples of soil and water. The TEA detector can also be used to quantify nitroaromatics. This class of compounds includes many explosives and various reactive intermediates used in the chemical industry [121]. Several nitroaromatics are known carcinogens, and are found as environmental contaminants. They have been repeatedly identified in organic aerosol particles, formed from the reaction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with atmospheric nitric acid at the particle surface [122-124], The TEA detector is extremely selective, which aids analyses in complex matrices, but also severely limits the number of potential applications for the detector [125-127],... 

The first scientists to investigate the coastal atmospheric presence of APs were Van Ry and Dachs, in a study conducted in the Hudson river estuary. GC-MS analyses showed that atmospheric NP isomer mixtures have a similar composition to technical mixtures, with relatively high total concentrations in the range of 0.0002—0.069 xg m-3 in the gas phase, and 0.0001-0.051 p,gm-3 in the aerosol phase. These concentrations are higher than those of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and up to two orders of magnitude higher than polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in impacted urban-industrial areas [32]. 

Shihadeh A, Saleh R (2005) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, tar , and nicotine in the mainstream smoke aerosol of the narghile water pipe. Food Chem. Toxicol 43 655-661... 

Although the ultimate source of much of particulate organic matter (POM) in the urban aerosol appears to be fossil fuel a specific knowledge of the amounts and classes of organic compounds contributed by various types of sources is lacking. Estimates of source contributions have been based on emission inventories which have been largely directed toward polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and/or benzo(a)pyrene. There has been very little work on the development of mathematical and statistical models for POM source identification and allocation (1). In view... 

In a similar study, Allen and co-workers (1996) determined the particle size distribution for 15 PAHs with molecular weights ranging from 178 (e.g., phenan-threne) to 300 (coronene) and associated with urban aerosols in Boston, Massachusetts. As for BaP in the winter (Venkataraman and Friedlander, 1994b), PAHs with MW >228 were primarily present in the fine aerosol fraction (Dp < 2 /Am). A study of 6-ring, MW 302 PAH at the same site showed bimodal distributions, with most of the mass in the 0.3- to 1.0-/zm particle size size range a smaller fraction was in the ultrafine mode particles (0.09-0.14 /xm) (Allen et al., 1998). For PAHs with MW 178—202, the compounds were approximately evenly distributed between the fine and coarse (D > 2 /am) fractions. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in size-segregated aerosols col-... 

Allen, J. O., N. M. Dookeran, K. A. Smith, A. F. Sarofim, K. Taghizadeh, A. L. Lafieur, Measurement of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Associated with Size-Segregated Atmospheric Aerosols in Massachusetts, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 1023-1031 (1996). 

Chen, S.-J., S.-H. Liao, W.-J. Jian, S.-C. Chiu, and G.-C. Fang, Particle-Bound Composition of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Aerosol Carbons in the Ambient Air, J. Environ. Sci. Health, A32, 585-604 (1997). 

C. L. Crespi, Human Cell Mutagenicity of Oxygenated, Nitrated, and Unsubstituted Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Associated with Urban Aerosols, Mutat. Res., 371, 123-157 (1996). 

Feilberg, A., and T. Nielsen, Effect of Aerosol Chemical Composition on the Photodegradation of Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, submitted to Environ. Sci. Technol. (1999b). 

Lunde, G., and A. Bjprseth, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Long-Range Transported Aerosols, Nature, 268, 518-519 (1977). 

McDow, S. R., M. Vartiainen, Q. Sun, Y. Hong, Y. Yao, and R. M. Kamens, Combustion Aerosol Water Content and Its Effect on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Reactivity, Atmos. Environ., 29, 791-797 (1995). 

Lunde, G. and Bjorseth, a. (1977). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in long-range transported aerosols, Nature 268,518. 

Gschwend and Hites (1981) observed that the two closely related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenanthrene and anthracene, occur in a ratio of about 3-to-l in urban air. In contrast, sedimentary deposits obtained from remote locations (e.g., Adirondack mountain ponds) exhibited phenanthrene-to-anthracene ratios of 15-to-l. You hypothesize that these chemicals are co-carried in aerosol droplets from Midwestern U.S. urban environments via easterly winds to remote locations (like the Adirondacks) where the aerosol particles fall out of the atmosphere and rapidly accumulate in the ponds sediment beds without any further compositional change (i.e., the phenanthrene-to-anthracene ratio stops changing after the aerosols leave the air). If summertime direct photolysis was responsible for the change in phenanthrene-to-anthracene ratio, estimate how long the aerosols would have to have been in the air. Comment on the assumptions that you make. What are your conclusions ... 

Rodgers et al. [85] identified soil surface-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons through the use of real-time aerosol mass spectrometry in two NIST standard research material soils (Montana SRM 2710 and Peruvian SRM 4355), each contaminated separately with three common petroleum hydrocarbons (diesel fuel, gasoline and kerosene). This method required no sample preparation. Direct laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometric analysis of individual soil particles contaminated with each of the petroleum hydrocarbons at three different contamination levels (0.8,8, and 80 ppth (wt/wt)) yielded detectable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon cation distributions that ranged from m/z 128 to 234, depending on the fuel contaminant. The same analysis... 

McDow, S.R., Q Sun, M. Vartiainen, Y Hong, Y Yao, T. Fister, R. Yao, and R. Kamens, 1994. Effect of composition and state of organic components on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon decay in atmospheric aerosols. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28 2147-2153. 

Durant JL, Busby WF, Lafleur AL et al (1996) Human cell mutagenicity of oxygenated, nitrated and unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with urban aerosols. MutatRes 371 123-157... 

Offenberg J. H. and Baker J. E. (1999) Aerosol size distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban and over-water atmospheres. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, 3324-3331. 

Cziczo DJ, Thomson DS, Murphy DM (2001) Ablation, flux, and atmospheric implications of meteors inferred from stratospheric aerosol. Science 291 1772-1775 Dachs J, Eisemeich SJ (2000) Adsorption onto aerosol soot carbon dominates gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ Sci Technol 34 3690-3697 Dalleska NF, Colussi AJ, Hyldahl AM, Hoffmaim MR (2000) Rates and mechanism of carbonyl sulfide oxidation by peroxides in concentrated sulfuric acid. J Phys Chem A 104 10794-10796 D Almeida GA, Schitz L (1983) Number, mass, and volume distributions of mineral aerosol and soils of the Sahara. J Clim Appl Meteorol 22 233-243... 

Richter H, Howard JB (2000) Formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their growth to soot A review of chemical reaction pathways. Prog Energ Combust Sci 26 565-608 Rogge WF, HildemannLM, Mazurek MA, Cass GR, Simonelt BRT (1991) Soiuces of fine organic aerosol. 

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