Easterly winds

FIGURE 11.29 Ratio of measured individual compounds of NO, to total NO, at Idaho Hill, Colorado, with easterly winds (more polluted air) and with westerly winds (cleaner but more aged air), respectively (data from Williams et al., 1997). 

Gschwend and Hites (1981) observed that the two closely related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenanthrene and anthracene, occur in a ratio of about 3-to-l in urban air. In contrast, sedimentary deposits obtained from remote locations (e.g., Adirondack mountain ponds) exhibited phenanthrene-to-anthracene ratios of 15-to-l. You hypothesize that these chemicals are co-carried in aerosol droplets from Midwestern U.S. urban environments via easterly winds to remote locations (like the Adirondacks) where the aerosol particles fall out of the atmosphere and rapidly accumulate in the ponds sediment beds without any further compositional change (i.e., the phenanthrene-to-anthracene ratio stops changing after the aerosols leave the air). If summertime direct photolysis was responsible for the change in phenanthrene-to-anthracene ratio, estimate how long the aerosols would have to have been in the air. Comment on the assumptions that you make. What are your conclusions ... 

The balloons were released from J apan one by one in the autumn of 1944 to be carried by easterly winds(prevailing at an altitude of ca 5 miles) toward Canada or the US. These balloons de-cended mostly in the Pacific coast area, such as Brit Columbia, Washington, Oregon a few in Calif. Some balloons were carried to central or even eastern parts of Canada and the US. Total number of recovered balloons was ca 300, but many unquestionably have remained undiscovered because of the vastness of uninhabited territory on this continent. Some of the balloons travelled 6000 miles in 4 days at an average speed of ca 70 mph... 

Without understanding the actum mechanism of the artifact testing of scrubbers must be an empirical process. We have tested a variety of scrubbers in Miami air by using standard additions to ambient air samples. Two air samples were collected simultaneously, and a liquid standard containing DMS was added to the inlet of one channel. The standard additions were done at levels equal to or less than the amount of DMS collected in the ambient samples. Complete recoveiy of standards was achieved with all scrubbers when sampling marine air masses, i.e. in the case of onshore (easterly) winds. Losses... 

The Caribbean transects data shown by Saltzman and Cooper ( ) was obtained in oceanic air with easterly winds which should be representative of the subtropical/tropical Atlantic Ocean. On this cruise two filters were used in series, and correction was made for the OCS artifact 130). The resultant data showed H2S concentrations averaging less than 10 ppt with a slight daytime minimum, as expected for a species such as HiS which should be removed predominantly by photochemically produced OH. The maximum/minimum concentration ratio is 1.7, which is similar to that observed for DMS on the same cruise. However, it should be noted that this diurnal variation is only a few ppt, which is close to the precision of the method. We wish to stress that considerably more data is needed to verify this observation, as the data used are compiled from measurements over a considerable geographic range and because the variations involved are small. 

For the easterly type of processes, it is characteristic of the anticyclone to be centered over the central regions of the European part of Russia. Meanwhile, the cyclonic activity also develops over the Mediterranean Sea and Turkey. In so doing, the Mediterranean cyclones tend to the southern regions of the Black Sea and result in a significant strengthening of easterly winds over the major part of its area. 

Fig. 7.3 Traffic emission effect to O3 (a) and NO2 (b) concentrations at the nearby region of a highway during a 4 day period with strong north-easterly winds. The thick dotted black line indicates the region of influence...

In the process of evaporation of water in the ocean, molecules of the type HH O, which have a molecular mass equal to 18, are evaporated before molecules of the type HH 0 which have a molecular mass of 20. During evaporation there is, therefore, an isotopic fractionation and the vapour from sea water has an 0 concentration about 8% less than the ocean concentration. As this water vapour enters the continent it will condense and probably precipitate to become soil and river water. Since the heavier molecules condense first, the process of cloud formation and precipitation leads to isotopic depletion of residual water vapour. This should mean that, with a prevailing easterly wind, the water vapour of the westerly regions should have a lower concentration of 0. 

In Hamburg, West Germany, on the Sunday afternoon of 28 May, 1928, the cover of a tank filled with about 10 m of liquid phosgene was ejected with a loud bang. Within a short time, approximately 8 m (11 t) of phosgene escaped. A light North-Easterly wind of only 2-3 m s prevailed, and 300 people were poisoned at distances of up to 10 km from the source 17 were severely injured, 10 of whom eventually died [920]. Most of the animals in the area died, vegetation yellowed a distance of approximately 14 km marked the limit of perceptibility [939]. 

If the development of the sea state starts during offshore winds leeward of the coasts, the wave heights will increase in the direction of the open sea (see Fig. 7.5), and the fetch is calculated from the distance to the coast. In this context, it should be noted that the dimensions of the wind field must be such that the width of the field must be at least equal to its length (Quandt, 1980). In the Baltic Sea, such conditions are found only for easterly winds off the coast of the Baltic states and for southerly winds off the Polish coast. 

From Fig. 7.8, it can be seen that effective fetches of more than 350 km do not occur in the Baltic Sea, and in empirical calculation methods, this value should be assumed as the upper limit for the determination of extreme sea state conditions in the Baltic Sea. In case of northerly to north easterly winds, such fetches occur in the Bay of Gdansk and in the sea area... 

Notice that, as distinct from the situation with overflow of waters from reservoirs in the Amudarya delta into the Aral observed oti 13 October 2005 (Fig. 13), the opposite process occurred two weeks before under a north-easterly wind - cold waters from the Aral flowed into artificial reservoirs (unfortunately, this is not seen in the black and white figures (Figs. 11b and c), but is easily seen in the color version). 

To Prevent a Betum of Croup. To prevent a return of this disorder, keep the child warm, avoid wet feet, cold, damp, easterly winds, Ac. Children whose constitutions dispose them to croup ought to have their diet properly regulated, and be kept from all crude, raw, and trashy fruits,... 

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