Polychlorinated dibenzofurans emission

Wielgosinski, G. (2010). The Possibihties of Reduction of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans Emission, Intern. J. Chenu Eng., 2010, pp. 1-11. 

Lemieux PM, Lutes CC, Abbott JA, Aldous KM (2000) Emission of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans from the Open Burning of Household Waste in Barrels. Environ Sci Technol 34 377... 

In 1997, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Governing Council decided that immediate international action should be taken to protect human health and the environment. International negotiations to reduce and eliminate the emission and discharges of an initial set of 12 POPs were initiated at the Stockholm Convention on POPs in May 2001. The 12 substances that were addressed at the Stockholm Convention were aldrin, endrin, dieldrin, dichlorodiphenyltrichoroethanes (DDTs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), chlordane, toxaphene, heptachlor, hex-achlorobenzene (HCB) and mirex. Basic information and status of major organochlorine pesticides in China are summarized in Table 8.1. 

The toxicity, bioaccumulative potential, and ecological impact of organohalogenated substances such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated d iben zo -pa ra - diox i n s (PCDDs), or polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) have been extensively reviewed.95 98 All are referred to as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), that is, chemical substances that remain in the environment, bioaccumulate through the food chain, and pose a risk to human health and the environment. The international community is calling for action to reduce and then eliminate the production or formation of these substances and to monitor their emission. In this case, the detectability obtainable by analytical methods should be very low, since the limits established for these residues are in the ng per liter range. 

Previous contributions to this series1-3 have highlighted the concern over emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) to atmosphere from waste incineration processes. Regulatory control of these emissions has typically been addressed in two ways ... 

Funcke W, Linnemann H (1992), Chemosphere 24 1563-1572. Sampling of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) and dibenzo(p)dioxins (PCDD)" in emissions from combustion facilities using an adsorption method"... 

It is now known that endocrine disrupting chemicals are emitted from combustion sources. Interest has focused on the emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/F), which are also known carcinogens. However, oxy-PAH, epoxides, and other oxygenated species are known EDCs. These can also be emitted from combustion sources, although they are not well characterized. They are semipolar compounds that are difficult to analyze. Thus, improved methods of analysis are needed in conjunction with biological testing to determine the nature and quantity of EDC emissions from combustion sources. 

In 1998, the Aarhus Protocol on POPs, which entered into force on 23 October 2003, presently has 29 Parties (February 2010). The Protocol s ultimate objective is to eliminate any discharges, emissions and losses of POPs. The Protocol bans production and use of some products right away other POPs are scheduled for elimination at a later stage or severely restricted in use. The Protocol obliges Parties to reduce their emissions of polychlorinated-p-dioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) below their levels in 1990 (or an alternative year between 1985 and 1995) [29]. 

To date, there has been little published information on the emissions of substances such as volatile organic compounds (VOC), dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins, or PCDD), furans (polychlorinated dibenzofurans, or PCDF) and heavy metals from lime kilns. 

SW-846, is used to measure emissions of semivolatile principal organic constituents. Method 0010 is designed to determine destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) of POHCs from incineration systems. The method involves a modification of the EPA Method 5 sampling train and may be used to determine particulate emission rates from stationary sources. The method is applied to semivolatile compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans, polycyclic organic matter, and other semivolatile organic compounds. 

Wang, L., Lee, W., Tsai, P, Lee, W., and Chang-Chien, G., Emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from stack flue gases of sinter plants, Chemosphere, 50(9), 1123-1129, 2003. 

Published data on PCDD/Fs in the environment of the PRD is still limited. A short-term sampling scheme was conducted to determine the levels of particle-bound polychlorinated dibenzo- -dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in Guangzhou atmosphere and evaluate the impact of PCDD/ Fs to inhabitants. Samples were collected from four different districts of Guangzhou. The results showed that industrial activities had more influences on levels of PCDD/Fs in the sampled districts. The mean PCDD/Fs concentrations (i.e., mean I-TEQ values) of Huadu district, Liwan district, Tianhe district and Huangpu district were 3815-26,530 fg m-3 (104.6-769.3 fgl-TEQ m-3). Emission source analysis indicated that small diffuse sources were relatively important (Yu et al., 2006). 

CEN-Norm-Entwurf Dioxine (2/1992), CEN/TC 264/WG 1.. .Determination of the mass concentration of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) - Stationary source emissions - (a) Sampling (b) Extraction and clean-up", European Committee for Normalization (CEN)... 

Naf, C., D. Broman, H. Pettersen, and Y. Zebuhr. 1992. Flux estimates and pattern recognition of particulate polycydic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated d i benzo-p-d iox i ns, and dibenzofurans in the waters outside various emission sources on the Swedish Baltic Coast. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26 1444-1457. 

Several countries have been given restrictions on the use of compounds because of potential toxic effects in humans. In the European Community, the use of tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (EC Directive 76/769/EEC) and tris(l-aziridinyl)phosphine oxide (EC Directive 83/264/EEC) in textiles has been banned. In 1977, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission banned the use of tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate in children s clothing (ICPS, 1995). The European Community has also banned the use of PBBs in textiles (EC Directive 83/264/EEC). Several countries have either taken or proposed regulatory actions on PBBs. In addition, controls on the emissions of dioxins and furans from municipal solid waste incinerators have been implemented in the United Kingdom under the Environmental Protection Act (1990). Germany has developed rules for the maximum content of selected 2,3,7, and 8 substituted polychlorinated dibenzo-pura-dioxins and dibenzofurans in products. Recently, the European Commission has issued a proposal to ban the production and use of PentaBDE. In U.S. A., on the other hand, there are currently no regulations on PBDE production or use. PBBs have not been used widely in Europe and also in U.S.A. the production of the main mixture, hexabromobiphenyl (Firemaster BP-6), ceased in 1974, after the Michigan disaster. ... 

Q.6.3 Waste-to-energy processes can generate toxic emissions including dioxins, furans, NO , SO , CO, CO2, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, and heavy metals. T or F ... 

---