Polychlorinated biphenyls solubility

Extraction, employs a liquid solvent to remove certain compounds from another liquid using the preferential solubility of these solutes in the MSA. For instance, wash oils can be used to remove phenols mid polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from die aqueous wastes of synthetic-fuel plants and chlorinated hydrocarbons from organic wastewater. 

Weil LG, Dure G, Quentin KL. 1974. [Solubility in water of insecticide chlorinated hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in view of water pollution.] Z Wasser Abwasser Forsch 7 169-175. (German)... 

The most critical decision to be made is the choice of the best solvent to facilitate extraction of the drug residue while minimizing interference. A review of available solubility, logP, and pK /pKb data for the marker residue can become an important first step in the selection of the best extraction solvents to try. A selected list of solvents from the literature methods include individual solvents (n-hexane, " dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, acetone, acetonitrile, methanol, and water ) mixtures of solvents (dichloromethane-methanol-acetic acid, isooctane-ethyl acetate, methanol-water, and acetonitrile-water ), and aqueous buffer solutions (phosphate and sodium sulfate ). Hexane is a very nonpolar solvent and could be chosen as an extraction solvent if the analyte is also very nonpolar. For example, Serrano et al used n-hexane to extract the very nonpolar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from fat, liver, and kidney of whale. One advantage of using n-hexane as an extraction solvent for fat tissue is that the fat itself will be completely dissolved, but this will necessitate an additional cleanup step to remove the substantial fat matrix. The choice of chlorinated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride should be avoided owing to safety and environmental concerns with these solvents. Diethyl ether and ethyl acetate are other relatively nonpolar solvents that are appropriate for extraction of nonpolar analytes. Diethyl ether or ethyl acetate may also be combined with hexane (or other hydrocarbon solvent) to create an extraction solvent that has a polarity intermediate between the two solvents. For example, Gerhardt et a/. used a combination of isooctane and ethyl acetate for the extraction of several ionophores from various animal tissues. 

Griffin, R.A. Chian, E.S.K. "Attenuation of Water Soluble Polychlorinated Biphenyls by Earth Materials EPA Publication, 600/2-80-027, 1980. 

Fig. 5. Relationship between the distribution (partition) coefficient on dimethyl dihydrogenated tallow montmorillonite for a range of non-ionic organic pollutants and their corresponding solubility in water. BHC is benzene hexachloride, the y-isomer of which is known as lindane aroclor 1232 and aroclor 1252 denote mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls containing about 32 and 52% chlorine, respectively. After Beall (2003).

The van t Hoff equation also has been used to describe the temperature effect on Henry s law constant over a narrow range for volatile chlorinated organic chemicals (Ashworth et al. 1988) and chlorobenzenes, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (ten Hulscher et al. 1992, Alaee et al. 1996). Henry s law constant can be expressed as the ratio of vapor pressure to solubility, i.e., pic or plx for dilute solutions. Note that since H is expressed using a volumetric concentration, it is also affected by the effect of temperature on liquid density whereas kH using mole fraction is unaffected by liquid density (Tucker and Christian 1979), thus... 

Dunnivant, F. M., Elzerman, A. W., Jurs, P. C., Hansen, M. N. (1992) Quantitative structure-property relationships for aqueous solubilities and Henry s law constants of polychlorinated biphenyls. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26, 1567-1573. 

Kamlet, M. J., Doherty, R. M., Carr, P. W., Mackay, D., Abraham, M. H., Taft, R. W. (1988) Linear solvation energy relationships. 44. Parameter estimation rules that allow accurate prediction of octanol/water partition coefficients and other solubility and toxicity properties of polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22, 503-509. 

Shiu, W.-Y., Mackay, D. (1986) A critical review of aqueous solubilities, vapor pressures, Henry s law constants, and octanol-water partition coefficients of the polychlorinated biphenyls. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 15, 911-929. 

Chou, S.F.J., Griffin, R.A. (1987) Solubility and soil mobility of polychlorinated biphenyls. In PCBs and the Environment. Waid, J.S., Editor, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 101-120. 

Castro EA, Toropov AA, Nesterova AI, Nabiev OM (2004) QSPR modeling aqueous solubility of polychlorinated biphenyls by optimization of correlation weights of local and global graph invariants. CEJC 2 500-523. 

The formation of polar metabolites from nonpolar materials may actually facilitate monitoring programs—in many cases the polar chemicals are highly concentrated in certain body fluids such as bile and urine. On the other hand, materials such as certain cyclodienes and polychlorinated biphenyls, which are very lipid soluble and resistant to metabolism, may accumulate and these chemicals may persist in the environment and may be transferred via the food chain to man. There is also interest in these biotransformation processes in lower organisms since the simplicity of these systems may lead to a better understanding of the phylogenetic development of xenobiotic metabolism. 

Polychlorinated biphenyls loglCoc = 5.00-0.670 logSw where Sw is the solubility (g.mol/1) The previous equation covers more than eight orders of magnitude in solubility and six orders of magnitude in the octanol-water partition coefficient f... 

Another tissue - fat - can store certain organic chemicals that are highly soluble in this medium. Certain pesticides such as DDT and industrial products such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) readily dissolve in body fat and can stay there for long periods of time. Most people have measurable amounts of these two once widely used chemicals, and several more as well, in their fat stores. 

Dexter, R.N. and Pavlou, S.P. Mass solubility and aqueotrs activity coefficients of stable organic chenricals in the nrarine environment polychlorinated biphenyls. Mar. Set, 6 41-53, 1978. 

Dickhut, R.M., Andren, A.W., and Arnrstrong, D.E. Aqueous solubilities of six polychlorinated biphenyl congeners at fotrr temperatures. Environ. Set TechnoL, 20(8) 807-810, 1986. 

Duller, W.J., Bakker, M.W.C., and Covers, H.A.J. Micellar solubility and micelle/water partitioning of polychlorinated biphenyls in solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Environ. Sci. Technol, 29(4) 985-992, 1995. 

Haque, R. and Schmedding, D.W. A method of measuring the water solubility of hydrophobic chemicals solubility of five polychlorinated biphenyls. Bull. Eviron. Contam. Toxicol., 14(1) 13-18.1975. 

Li, A. and Andren, A.W. Solubility of polychlorinated biphenyls in water/alcohol mixtures. 1. Experimental data, Environ. ScL Technol, 28(l) 47-52, 1994. 

Li, A. and Doucette, W.J. The effect of cosolutes on the aqueous solubilities and octanol/water partition coefficients of selected polychlorinated biphenyl congeners. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 12(ll) 2031-2035, 1993. 

Opperhuizen, A., Gobas, F.A.P.C., Van der Steen, J.M.D., and Hutzinger, 0. Aqueous solubility of polychlorinated biphenyls related to molecular structure. Environ. Sci. Technoi, 22(6) 638-646, 1988a. 

Shin, W.-Y., Wania, F., Hung, H., and Mackay, D. Temperature dependence of aqueotrs solubility of selected chlorobenzenes, polychlorinated biphenyls, and dibenzofuran, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 42(2) 293-297, 1997. 

The ARS Technologies, Inc., Ferox process is an in situ remediation technology for the treatment of chlorinated hydrocarbons, leachable heavy metals, and other contaminants. The process involves the subsurface injection and dispersion of reactive zero-valence iron powder into the saturated or unsaturated zones of a contaminated area. ARS Technologies claims that Ferox is applicable for treating the following chemicals trichloroethene (TCE), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, lindane, aromatic azo compounds, 1,2,3-trichloropropane, tetrachloroethene (PCE), nitro aromatic compounds, 1,2-dichloroethene (DCE), vinyl chloride, 4-chlorophenol, hexachloroethane, tribromomethane, ethylene dibromide (EDB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), Freon-113, unexploded ordinances (UXO), and soluble metals (copper, nickel, lead, cadmium, arsenic, and chromium). 

SESR is applicable for soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls (RGBs), and pentachlorophenol (PCP). The technology has been demonstrated to fix heavy metals and remove hydrocarbon contaminants simultaneously. After treatment, soluble salts can be leached from the dried, agglomerated soil. 

Dickhut, R. M., A. W. Andren, and D.E. Armstrong, Aqueous Solubilities of Six Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congeners at Four Temperatures. Environ. Sci. Technol., 1986 20, 807-810. 

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