Biological Analytes

Optical sensors based on spectroscopy of guided waves have been demonstrated for detection and identification of numerous chemical and biological analytes. The choice of detection format for a particular application depends on the size of target analyte molecules, binding characteristics of available biomolecular recognition element, and range of analyte s concentrations to be measured. 

Evaluation of Pesticides in Wastewaters. A Combined (Chemical and Biological) Analytical Approach... 

Zheng J, Swager TM (2004) Biotinylated poly(p-phenylene ethynylene) unexpected energy transfer results in the detection of biological analytes. Chem Commun 2798-2799... 

Cloud point extraction from biological and clinical samples. The most frequent use of CPE is for the separation and purification of biological analytes, principally proteins. In this way, the cloud point technique has been used as an effective tool to isolate and purify proteins when combined with chromatographic separations. Most of the applications deal with the separation of hydrophobic from hydrophilic proteins, with the hydrophobic proteins having more affinity for the surfactant-rich phase, and the hydrophilic proteins remaining in the dilute aqueous phase. The separation of biomaterials and clinical analytes by CPE has been described [105,106,113]. 

A limited number of biological analytical approaches have been published for the determination of polybrominated flame retardants and most of them are based on... 

Control of biological medicinal products usually involves biological analytical techniques which have a greater variability than physico-chemical determinations. In-process controls, therefore, take on a great importance in the manufacture of biological medicinal products. 

The highly specific interaction of avidin with the small vitamin biotin can be a useful tool in designing assay, detection, and targeting systems for biological analytes (see... 

Edward R. Zartler Biologies Analytical and Formulation Sciences, Merck Co., West Point, PA 19486, USA... 

Berger AJ, Wang Y, Feld MS. Rapid, noninvasive concentration measurements of aqueous biological analytes by near-infrared Raman spectroscopy. Applied Optics 1996, 35, 209-212. 

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a powerful tool for characterization, sensing and quantitation of variety of chemical, environmental and biological analytes at trace concentrations [1]. The considerable enhancement of SERS is attributed to highly concentrated local electric fields in the structures with closely spaced noble metal nanoparticles (NPs). An engineering of novel nanostructures for SERS with advanced properties is of immediate interest for experimentalists. 

The use of standard reference materials, as indicated previously in this chapter, would allow a better assessment of the accuracy of the new method. However, for many biological analytes, these materials are not available. Under these conditions,... 

Because of the exquisite specificity and the high affinity of antibodies for specific antigens, thousands of immunoassays have been developed to detect and measure a wide variety of biological analytes. In the next two sections, both qualitative and quantitative immunotechniques are discussed. 

Serum sodium is an example of a biological analyte that is affected by only a few sources of biological variation. However, the list of factors maybe rather long for other analytes, such as serum en2ymes, proteins, and hormone. 

---