Polyamide dispersability

On polyamide, disperse dyes have generally low wetfastness properties, making them unsuitable for ptinted textiles that require even moderate wash or perspiration fastness. 

Also in 2005 Kong et al. [49] filed a patent application on a process for preparing an aqueous polyamide dispersion by lipase-catalyzed polycondensation of a diamine and a dicarboxylic acid in aqueous medium. In a separate patent application [50], they reported the process for preparing an aqueous polyamide dispersion by lipase-catalyzed reaction of an aminocarboxylic acid compound in aqueous medium. 

Kong, X.-M., Yamamoto, M., and Haring, D. (2008) Method for producing an aqueous polyamide dispersion. US Patent Application 2008/0275182 Al. 

Micromid. [Unitm Camp] Waterborne polyamide dispersions for laminating adhesives, heat seal adhesives for pkg., release coatings. 

Dispercoll E-585 Dispercoll E-1409. See Polyurethane, thermoplastic Dispermid-C. See Polyamide Dispersable Curcumex 2600, 2601. See Turmeric (Curcuma longa) extract Disperse-Ayd 9100. See Acrylic resin Disperse blue 1. Seel,4,5,8-Tetraaminoanthraquinone Disperse blue 7 CAS 3179-90-6... 

Uses internai/externai iubricant, dispersant, meit flow aid, mold release agent for thermoplastic polymer compounding, esp. in polyamides and impact-modified polyamides dispersant, lubricant for fiber-filled PP, providing rapid wetting of the filler lubricant, mold release agent in thermoplastic PU lubricant in cellulose films and in PVDC when used as a lacquer for cellulose films plasticizer, flow aid for extrusion and inj. molding, reducing machine load, wear, and cycle times Use Level 0.25-1.0% (PP)... 

Dispersingagents, such as polyethylene polyamide succinimides or methacrylate-type copolymers, are added to motor oils to disperse low-temperature sludge formed in spark-ignition engines. 

Available Forms. Phthalocyanines are available as powders, in paste, or Hquid forms. They can be dispersed in various media suitable for aqueous, nonaqueous, or multipurpose systems, eg, polyethylene, polyamide, or nitrocellulose. Inert materials like clay, barium sulfate, calcium carbonates, or aluminum hydrate are the most common soHd extenders. Predispersed concentrates of the pigments, like flushes, are interesting for manufacturers of paints and inks (156), who do not own grinding or dispersing equipment. Pigment—water pastes, ie, presscakes, containing 50—75% weight of water, are also available. 

Substituted amides (not of the alkanolamide variety) are sold to diverse low volume markets. They have some utility ki polymers such as polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, acryUc polymers, PVC, polyamides, and polyesters. They have been found effective as pharmaceutical processkig aids, defoamers (qv), antimicrobials, pesticides, kisect repellents, dispersion stabilizers, and corrosion inhibitors. 

Printing Inks. Printing ink preparation is similar to many coating systems. The resin is dissolved in the solvent, followed by pigment dispersion to produce the ink. In most printing operations, the solvent must evaporate fast for best production speed. Alcohol—hydrocarbon solvent combinations are used with polyamide resins for some printing processes (see Inks). 

Textiles. Polyamides having improved antistatic properties utilize polyoxyalkylated hydrogenated castor od as the dispersible antistatic agent (113). A finish for bulked continuous polyamide filament yams also use polyoxyethylated castor od to enhance the fiber finish (114). 

The derivatives used in corrosion inhibitor formulations for down-hole use constitute a significant industrial appHcation for polyamines. Again, mono- and bisarnidoamines, imidazolines, and polyamides made from the higher polyamines are the popular choices. The products made from DETA and fatty acids have been widely used (308). A wide variety of other polyamine-based, corrosion inhibiting derivatives have been developed, generally incorporating some form of oil-soluble or od-dispersible residue. Sulfur and its derivatives are also used in these polyamine-based corrosion inhibitors on... 

Disperse dyes are water-iasoluble, aqueous dispersed materials that are used for dyeiag hydrophobic synthetic fibers, including polyester, acetate, and polyamide. 

Among these dye classes, anthraquiaone dyes are ia an important position ia reactive dyes and vat dyes for cellulose fibers, disperse dyes for polyester, and acid dyes for polyamide. Application for high performance organic pigments for plastics and paints are also important areas. 

Whilst the aliphatic nylons are generally classified as being impact resistant, they are affected by stress concentrators like sharp comers which may lead to brittle failures. Incorporation of mbbers which are not soluble in the nylons and hence form dispersions of rubber droplets in the polyamide matrix but which nevertheless can have some interaction between mbber and polyamide can be most effective. Materials described in the literature include the ethylene-propylene rubbers, ionomers (q.v.), polyurethanes, acrylates and methacrylates, ABS polymers and polyamides from dimer acid. 

Polypropylene block and graft copolymers are efficient blend compatibilizers. These materials allow the formation of alloys, for example, isotactic polypropylene with styrene-acrylonitrile polymer or polyamides, by enhancing the dispersion of incompatible polymers and improving their interfacial adhesion. Polyolefinic materials of such types afford property synergisms such as improved stiffness combined with greater toughness. 

Els and McGill [48] reported the action of maleic anhydride on polypropylene-polyisoprene blends. A graft copolymer was found in situ through the modifier, which later enhanced the overall performance of the blend. Scott and Macosko [49] studied the reactive and nonreactive compatibilization of nylon-ethylene-propylene rubber blends. The nonreactive polyamide-ethylene propylene blends showed poor interfacial adhesion between the phases. The reactive polyamide-ethylene propylene-maleic anhydride modified blends showed excellent adhesion and much smaller dispersed phase domain size. 

The effect of iron oxide, zinc oxide and red lead on the percentage of D areas has been determined. Three vehicles were used, a pentaerythritol alkyd, a tung oil phenolic and an epoxy polyamide" . In the case of iron oxide, the D areas increased with all three vehicles in contrast zinc oxide had very little effect on the percentage D areas. However, red lead when dispersed in the alkyd and tung oil vehicles behaved in a similar way to iron oxide, whereas red lead when dispersed in the epoxypolyamide vehicle had very little effect. 

Clays have long been used as fillers in polymer systems because of low cost and the improved mechanical properties of the resulting polymer composites. If all other parameters are equal, the efficiency of a filler to improve the physical and mechanical properties of a polymer system is sensitive to its degree of dispersion in the polymer matrix (Krishnamoorti et ah, 1996). In the early 1990s, Toyota researchers (Okada et ah, 1990) discovered that treatment of montmorillonite (MMT) with amino acids allowed dispersion of the individual 1 nm thick silicate layers of the clay scale in polyamide on a molecular. Their hybrid material showed major improvements in physical and mechanical properties even at very low clay content (1.6 vol %). Since then, many researchers have performed investigations in the new field of polymer nano-composites. This has lead to further developments in the range of materials and synthesizing methods available. 

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