Polyalcohols production

Polymerization. Carbon monoxide forms copolymers with ethylene and suitable vinyl compounds. No large-scale uses for the copolymers or their further reaction products such as polyalcohols and polyamines have been found (75). 

A corrosion inhibitor with excellent film-forming and film-persistency characteristics is produced by first reacting Cig unsaturated fatty acids with maleic anhydride or fumaiic acid to produce the fatty acid Diels-Alder adduct or the fatty acid-ene reaction product [31]. This reaction product is further reacted in a condensation or hydrolyzation reaction with a polyalcohol to form an acid-anhydride ester corrosion inhibitor. The ester may be reacted with amines, metal hydroxides, metal oxides, ammonia, and combinations thereof to neutralize the ester. Surfactants may be added to tailor the inhibitor formulation to meet the specific needs of the user, that is, the corrosion inhibitor may be formulated to produce an oil-soluble, highly water-dispersible corrosion inhibitor or an oil-dispersible, water-soluble corrosion inhibitor. Suitable carrier solvents may be used as needed to disperse the corrosion inhibitor formulation. 

If the products of periodate oxidation are reduced with sodium borohy-dride, polyalcohols are produced which may be readily hydrolysed under mildly acidic conditions and the reaction products can be determined. The identification of these products gives considerable information about the linkages between the polysaccharide components and also their sequence in the overall structure. 

Polyurethanes are composed of the reaction products of polyisocyanates and polyalcohols. The chemistry of polyurethanes has been under development for over... 

The amount of ethylene glycol product formed in acetic acid solvent is usually minor relative to the methanol product. Table XIV, for example, shows examples in which the CJC2 product ratio is within the range of about 35-90. Esters of the three-carbon polyalcohol, glycerol, have also been... 

Polyesters from , y-dibutyric acid and 1,3-butylene glycol (Plastomoll TB of BASF) is in practical use for PVC and gives combinations with low brittle points. From sulfonyl dibutyric acids and glycols, BASF has developed a liquid polyester (molecular weight about 1000), which is compatible with several polymers. Many other combinations are possible—for instance, use of the oxethylated products of carboxylic acids and polyalcohols, which have not yet been fully investigated. 

The hot product from the kiln is quenched in water (e), passed via classifiers and hydroseparators (f) into thickeners (g), filtered on rotary filters (b2), and washed until salt-free. The dried product is ground in high-intensity mills (g) and may undergo organic treatment (with a polyalcohol) depending on the application. 

Commercial lithopone grades contain 30% ZnS (red seal) and 60% ZnS (silver seal). The ZnS content of Sachtolith is > 97 %. Various chemical (e.g., polyalcohols, siloxanes, silanes) and mechanical treatments (e.g., jet milling) are used to obtain other products for special applications. The technical data for commercial red seal lithopone and Sachtolith are given in Table 20. 

Let s take a closer look at the production of A1203 spheres from an Al(OH)3 sol. The sol must have a low viscosity and is stabilized using a polyalcohol, e.g. PVA (polyvinyl alcohol). 

Other Reduction Products of Pseudoglycals.—Under other hydrogenation conditions the pseudoglycals can be converted to the anhydrides of saturated or unsaturated optically active polyalcohols. 

Aldehydes readily react with alcohols into hemiacetals and acetals. The first reaction involves simple addition, whereas water is liberated in the second reaction. The reactions are acid-catalyzed and reversible. Acid catalysis is, however, not a necessary condition for the reaction to proceed. Frequently, particularly in the case of aliphatic aldehydes, the reaction proceeds without a catalyst. If both alcohol and aldehyde are bifunctional reagents, it is possible that cyclic structures may form or that polymerization may occur. Whether or not one or the other of these reactions occur depends on the energy factors, steric accessibility of the reaction sites, and finally, as in all reversible reactions, on the position of the equilibrium according to the concentration of reagents and products in the solution. Starch, being a polyalcohol, also reacts with aldehydes. This subject was formerly reviewed by Roberts.1274... 

A cationic starch can be prepared by blending a condensate of formaldehyde plus an inorganic ammonium salt with starch and heating at 80 °C for up to 1 h.1316 A great interest was developed with urea-formaldehyde resins that were made to react with such polyalcohols as starch.1317-1319 It was reported that the reaction of starch with urea-formaldehyde resin required an acidic catalyst592,1320-1325 and the use of such dispersants as polyphosphates.1326 Ammonium metaphosphate catalyzed the reaction without the addition of any other acid catalyst.1327 A product that formed a paste was produced by controlling the proportion of starch to aldehyde (either up to 20% of formaldehyde or up to 30% of acetaldehyde) and urea (up to 15%) at pH 2 1.1328... 

Trichloro-l,3,5-triazine (1 37 g, 0.15 mol) and 2-chloro-3-isobutoxypropyl bis(2,3-dichloropropyl) phosphite (126 g, 0.3 mol) in a 500-mL flask equipped with a short distillation column, were stirred and slowly heated to 110°C under reduced pressure while low-boiling by-products were collected (33 g theoretical amount 41 g). NMR spectra showed this to be mainly 1,2,3-trichloropropane, the expected byproduct, />-Toluencsulfonic acid (1 g) was added and the mixture heated at 125 °C until dealkylation of the isobutoxy groups was observed, by NMR spectra, to be complete. The product was very viscous and was taken up in toluene (300 mL) some product was lost due to foamover. The toluene was then distilled off under reduced pressure to give a resin-type product crude yield 107 g (100%) mol wt of solid 714.0 (34.7 % Cl, 8.7 % P, 2 reactive OH groups). The product was taken up in Voranol 490 (polyalcohol mixture 41 g) and used to prepare polyurethane foams. 

A prerequisite for this technique is that a portion of the sugars are resistant to periodate oxidation. The most commonly used procedure is the Smith degradation (Goldstein et al., 1965) where the periodate oxidized polysaccharide is reduced to the polyalcohol and then subjected to mild acid hydrolysis. Acyclic acetals are hydrolyzed more rapidly than glycosidic linkages thus it is possible to generate oligomeric products that can be isolated and characterized. 

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