Polyacrylonitrile plastic

Polyacrylonitrile plastic beverage bottles were banned because... 

Polyacrylonitrile plastic bottles for soft drinks and beer were taken off the market as possible carcinogens because of migration of acrylonitrile into the drink. Now most plastic food containers of this type are poly(ethylene terephthalate). 

Polyacrylonitrile (plasticized) with a mixture of butadiene and styrene monomers. 

A high styrene-butadiene resin with polyacrylonitrile (plasticized). 

It is possible to form clear transparent polyacrylonitrile plastic shapes by a special bulk polymerization technique. The reaction is initiated with /7-toluenesulfinic acid-hydrogen peroxide. Initially, heterogeneous polymerizations take place. They are followed by spontaneous transformations, at high conversion, to homogeneous, transparent polyacrylonitrile plastics. A major condition for forming transparent solid polymer is a continuous supply of monomer to fill the gaps formed by volume contraction during the polymerization process. ... 

A further development in the coumarin series is the use of derivatives of 3-phenyl-7-aminocoumarin ((13) where R, R = Cl or substituted amines) as building blocks for a series of light-stable brighteners for various plastics and synthetic fibers, and, as the quatemi2ed compounds, for brightening polyacrylonitrile (62). 

Other Films. Although commercially less important than polyethylenes and polypropylenes, a number of other plastic films are in commercial use or development for special appHcations, including ethylene—vinyl acetate, ionomer, and polyacrylonitrile [25014-41-9]. 

Tetraethylene glycol may be used direcdy as a plasticizer or modified by esterification with fatty acids to produce plasticizers (qv). Tetraethylene glycol is used directly to plasticize separation membranes, such as siHcone mbber, poly(vinyl acetate), and ceUulose triacetate. Ceramic materials utilize tetraethylene glycol as plasticizing agents in resistant refractory plastics and molded ceramics. It is also employed to improve the physical properties of cyanoacrylate and polyacrylonitrile adhesives, and is chemically modified to form polyisocyanate, polymethacrylate, and to contain siHcone compounds used for adhesives. 

In addition to poly(methyl methacrylate) plastics and polyacrylonitrile fibres, acrylic polymers find widespread use. First introduced in 1946, acrylic rubbers have become established as important special purpose rubbers with a useful combination of oil and heat resistance. Acrylic paints have become widely accepted particularly in the car industry whilst very interesting reactive adhesives, including the well-known super-glues are also made from acrylic polymers. 

The principal use of acrylonitrile since the early 1950s has been in the manufacture of so-called acrylic textile fibers. Acrylonitrile is first polymerized to polyacrylonitrile, which is then spun into fiber. The main feature of acrylic fibers is their wool-like characteristic, making them desirable for socks, sweaters, and other types of apparel. However, as with all synthetic textile fibers, fashion dictates the market and acrylic fibers currently seem to be in disfavor, so this outlet for acrylonitrile may be stagnant or declining. The other big uses for acrylonitrile are in copolymers, mainly with styrene. Such copolymers are very useful for the molding of plastic articles with very high impact resistance. 

P.Y.110 lends color to polystyrene and styrene containing plastics. It is a suitable candidate for unsaturated polyester and other cast resins, as well as for polyurethane. P.Y.110 is used to an appreciable extent in polypropylene spin dyeing, it is very lightfast in this medium. It is utilized in polyacrylonitrile spin dyeing and sometimes also in polyamide. Its fastness properties, however, especially its lightfastness, do not meet special application conditions (Sec. 1.8.3.8). 

Among the plastics suitable for blow moulding are polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polyacrylonitrile, thermoplastic polyesters, polycarbonates... 

More recent methods proposed by Motorola and Mitsubishi Electric researchers differ in implementation details, but they share a common feature in that a separate adhesive layer (PVdF) is applied to the separator and used to bond the electrode and the separator films, using in the first case the hot, liquid electrolyte as an in situ PVdF plasticizer. Recently, Sony ° researchers described the use of a thin, liquid electrolyte-plasticized polyacrylonitrile... 

The most important commercial processes for polyacrylonitrile (XLIII) are solution and suspension polymerizations. Almost all the products containing acrylonitrile are copolymers. Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymers are useful as plastics (Sec. 6-8a). 

PBDEs are used in different resins, polymers, and substrates at levels ranging from 5 to 30% by weight (EU 2001). Plastic materials that utilize PBDEs as flame retardants include ABS polyacrylonitrile (PAN) polyamide(PA) polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) polyethylene (PE) cross-linked polyethylene (XPE) polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polypropylene (PP) polystyrene (PS) high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polyurethane (PUR) and unsaturated polyester (UPE). These polymers and examples of their final products are summarized inTable 5-2 (Hardy 2002 WHO 1994a). 

In addition to the established large volume products already mentioned, other plastic materials are known to be under study or have been introduced so recently that their markets have not been fully developed. It seems certain that products such as polyethylene terephthalate and polyacrylonitrile fibers will attain large volume production. A new type of resin that has appeared very recently is Shell Chemical Co. s Epon series (32), a group of polymers of various molecular weight ranges which are produced from phenol, acetone, and epichlorohydrin. 

HCN) from polyacrylonitrile or hydrogen chloride (HC1) from polyvinylchloride. Another hazard presented by plastics results from the presence of plasticizers added to provide essential properties, such as flexibility. The most widely used plasticizers are phthalates (see Chapter 14), which are environmentally persistent, resistant to treatment processes, and prone to undergo bioaccumulation. 

Acrylonitrile (CH2=CH-CN) was made from acetylene and HCN until the 1960s. Today it is made by direct ammoxidation of propylene. Its major use is in making polyacrylonitrile, which is mainly converted to fibers (Orion). It is also copolymerized with butadiene and styrene to produce high impact plastics. 

As mentioned in Section V.H.2, highly important room temperature polymeric systems are based on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) plasticized with PC and EC. These systems are obviously highly reactive with lithium. It is clear that Li, in contact with these membranes, develops surface chemistry which is dominated by the reduction of EC and PC to R0C02Li (Table 3 and Schemes 1 and 3, Section V.C, and related discussion). 

Polymers containing plasticizing solvents. Addition of solvents such as EC or PC to the polymeric systems of the types shown in Table 10 improves their conductivity considerably. Of special importance are conducting polymeric membranes based on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) containing EC, PC, and Li salts such as LiC104, LiS03CF3 [382],... 

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