Poly sorbates

Figure 2 shows the influence of the different phase transitions on the rheological characteristics of a vaginal cream formulation containing cetostearyl alcohol and Poly-sorbate 60 as the emulsifying wax. Incomplete transition of two observable polymorphs... 

Water-miscible liquids include polyethylene glycols (PEG) and non-ionic surfactants, such as the poly-sorbates. Low molecular weight grades of PEG (e.g., PEG 400) are used most commonly as they remain liquid at ambient temperatures. Small amounts (up to 5-10%) of other water-miscible liquids, such as propylene glycol, ethanol, and glycerin, can also be used. 

Polysorbates are surfactants that are pegylated derivatives of sorbitan monoesters (i.e., monolaurate, monopalmitate, monostearate, monooleate, or monoisostearate) or sorbitan triesters (i.e., tristearate or trioleate) and are available in many grades. Poly-sorbate 80, also known as Tween 80, is a mixture of polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan monooleates and is a yellow viscous liquid at room temperature. Sorbitan monooleate, also known as Span 80, is a yellow viscous... 

Tween 80 is official in pharmacy where it is called poly-sorbate 80, see separate entry. Use of Spans and Tweens in pharmaceutical formulations Jowdy, Carolina J. Pharm. 33, 465, 467 (1952). 

Polysorbate-20, 60, and SO. These have the same acceptable daily intake as sorbitan esters but are characterized by the property of enhancing the absorption of fat-soluble substances (38). This property can be an advantage or an adverse effect depending on the drug. Furthermore, poly-sorbates can also provoke hypersensitivity following topical application. They may disrupt normal membrane structures (39). 

Since animal studies had demonstrated that the essential oil of F. vulgare reduced intestinal spasm and increased the motility of the small intestine, it was used in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in the treatment of infantile colic. The 125 infants were all 2-12 weeks of age and those in the treatment group received a water emulsion of 0.1% fennel essential oil and 0.4% poly-sorbate (5-20 mL) up to four times a day. The dose was estimated to provide about 12 mg/kg/day of fennel essential oil. The control group received the polysorbate only. The treatment provided a signi cant improvement of colic, eliminating symptoms in 65% of infants as compared to 23.7% for the control. No side effects were noted (Alexandrovich et al., 2003). 

R. N. Alyautdin, V. E. Petrov, K. Langer, A. Berthold, D. A. Kharke-vich and J. Kreuter, Delivery of loperamide across the blood-brain barrier with poly-sorbate 80-coated polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles. Pharm. Res., 14,325-328 (1997). 

Autacoids Rituximab vials contain poly-sorbate 80 (polyoxyethylene-sorbitan-20-monooleate, Tween 80), a solubilizing agent that can cause severe non-IgE-medi-ated anaphylactic reactions [301 " ]. 

Dispersion of the powder in the vehicle. This requires adequate wetting of the powder (external and internal surfaces) by the liquid vehicle, necessitating the use of a wetting/dispersing agent, mostly a nonionic surfactant (such as poly-sorbates) or polymeric surfactant (such as Poloxamer). This process is described in detail in Chapter 7. 

The effect of alphadalone acetate on the solubility of alphaxolone is a phenomenon that remains to be explained. Simultaneous solubilization of steroid hormones has only been studied by Lbvgren and co-workers [168,169]. Oestradiol was solubilized independently of the C21 steroids and testosterone studied, i.e. the capacity for oestradiol was unaffected by the solubilization of the latter. However, the solubilization of ethinyl oestradiol with progesterone and with testosterone was dependent on the presence of the other. The solubility of 11 a-hydroxyprogesterone was enhanced by ethinyl oestradiol-an effect akin to that of alphaxolone and alphadalone acetate. In several other pairs of steroids solubilization was reduced. When a progesterone-saturated solution of poly-sorbate 40 was equilibrated with an excess of ethinyl oestradiol, 96% of the solubilized progesterone precipitated while the oestrogen component was... 

In another study, PLGA nanoparticles coated with poloxamer 188 or poly-sorbate 80 enabled an efficient brain delivery of the drugs after intravenous injection. Pharmacological tests that used rats could demonstrate that therapeutic amounts of the drugs were delivered to the sites of action in the brain and showed the high efficiency of the surfactant-coated PLGA nanoparticles for brain delivery. ... 

R. Gruetzmann and K. G. Wagner. Quantification of the leaching of triethyl citrate/poly-sorbate 80 mixtures from Eudragit RS films by differential scanning calorimetry. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 60 (1), 2005, 159-162. 

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