Poly morphology effect

M. Marie, N. Ashuror, and C. W. Macosko, Reactive Blending of Poly- (dimethylsiloxane) with Nylon 6 and Poly (styrene) Effect of Reactivity on Morphology, Polym. Eng. Sci., 41, 631-642 (2001). 

Yang H., Sa U., Kang M., Ryu H.S., Ryu C.Y., Cho K., Near-surface morphology effect on tack behavior of poly(styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene) triblock copolymer/rosin films. Polymer, 47(11), 2006, 3889-3895. 

Kim Y S, Hickner M A, Dong L, Pivovar B S and McGrath J E (2004), Snlfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) copolymer proton exchange membranes composition and morphology effects on the methanol permeability , J Membr Sci, 243, 317-326. 

Poly(N-vinylpyrrohdone) (PVP) is a water-soluble and imcharged polymer. The presence of PVP has no influence on the polymorphs of CaCOs precipitation, but has a morphological effect on vaterite and calcite at high PVP concentration [101]. The precipitate obtained in the initial presence of P VA was calcite (run 2 of Table 3). The crystalline products obtained with N-vinylpyrrolidone without addition of the radical initiator were calcite with a trace amount of aragonite (run 1 of Table 3). These results indicate that both the polymer and monomer did not exert any influence on the nucleation and crystal growth of CaCOs. On the contrary, in-situ polymerization of the monomer during the precipitation of CaCOs was carried out by the doublejet method (Keiun et al, 2006, personal communication). After addition of the calcium reactants into the aqueous solution of the monomer was completed, an aqueous solution of KPS as a water-soluble radical initiator was added to the reaction mixture after incubation at 30 °C for several minutes (1, 3, or 20 min). All the products obtained by the in-situ polymerization were pre-... 

The morphological effects of the homopolymers and sub-mono-layers were studied by Norrman et al. [97] with poly vinyl chloride (PVC) and PMMA solutions, spin coated on substrates made of silicon. They found that aU the monomers had a distinct break in between, which resulted from the more favourable distribution of the polymer in the lateral plane, than in the normal plane, at high concentrations. 

Lactic acid and levulinic acid are two key intermediates prepared from carbohydrates [7]. Lipinsky [7] compared the properties of the lactide copolymers [130] obtained from lactic acid with those of polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride (see Scheme 4 and Table 5) and showed that the lactide polymer can effectively replace the synthetics if the cost of production of lactic acid is made viable. Poly(lactic acid) and poly(l-lactide) have been shown to be good candidates for biodegradeable biomaterials. Tsuji [131] and Kaspercejk [132] have recently reported studies concerning their microstructure and morphology. 

Park et al. [20] reported on the synthesis of poly-(chloroprene-co-isobutyl methacrylate) and its compati-bilizing effect in immiscible polychloroprene-poly(iso-butyl methacrylate) blends. A copolymer of chloroprene rubber (CR) and isobutyl methacrylate (iBMA) poly[CP-Co-(BMA)] and a graft copolymer of iBMA and poly-chloroprene [poly(CR-g-iBMA)] were prepared for comparison. Blends of CR and PiBMA are prepared by the solution casting technique using THF as the solvent. The morphology and glass-transition temperature behavior indicated that the blend is an immiscible one. It was found that both the copolymers can improve the miscibility, but the efficiency is higher in poly(CR-Co-iBMA) than in poly(CR-g-iBMA),... 

In the sol-gel procedure for the preparation of hybrids, polymeric acid catalysts such as poly (styrene sulfonic acid) were also used instead of hydrogen chloride [14]. The polymeric acid catalyst was effective for the preparation of hybrids at a similar level to that of hydrogen chloride catalyst. In some cases, the increased modulus was observed due to the higher extent of reaction. No difference was observed in morphologies between the hybrids prepared with polymeric and small molecule acid catalysts. The method using polymeric acid catalyst may depress the ion-conductive property, characteristic to the mobile acidic small molecules. Polymeric catalyst may also influence the rheology of the resulting hybrids. 

This rule of thumb does not apply to all polymers. For certain polymers, such as poly (propylene), the relationship is complicated because the value of Tg itself is raised when some of the crystalline phase is present. This is because the morphology of poly(propylene) is such that the amorphous regions are relatively small and frequently interrupted by crystallites. In such a structure there are significant constraints on the freedom of rotation in an individual molecule which becomes effectively tied down in places by the crystalhtes. The reduction in total chain mobility as crystallisation develops has the effect of raising the of the amorphous regions. By contrast, in polymers that do not show this shift in T, the degree of freedom in the amorphous sections remains unaffected by the presence of crystallites, because they are more widely spaced. In these polymers the crystallites behave more like inert fillers in an otherwise unaffected matrix. 

Temperature dependence (related to the temperature dependence of the conformational structure and the morphology of polymers) of the radiation effect on various fluoropolymers e.g., poly (tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene), poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluoroalkylvinylether), and poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-ethylene) copolymers has been reported by Tabata [419]. Hill et al. [420] have investigated the effect of environment and temperature on the radiolysis of FEP. While the irradiation is carried out at temperatures above the glass transition temperature of FEP, cross-linking reactions predominate over chain scission or degradation. Forsythe et al. [421]... 

---