Poly-glutamic acid

Licjuid Crystals. Ferroelectric Hquid crystals have been appHed to LCD (Uquid crystal display) because of their quick response (239). Ferroelectric Hquid crystals have chiral components in their molecules, some of which are derived from amino acids (240). Concentrated solutions (10—30%) of a-helix poly(amino acid)s show a lyotropic cholesteric Hquid crystalline phase, and poly(glutamic acid ester) films display a thermotropic phase (241). Their practical appHcations have not been deterrnined. 

Subramanian G, Hjehn RP, Deming TJ, Smith GS, Li Y, Safinya CR (2000) Structure of complexes of cationic lipids and poly(glutamic acid) polypeptides a pinched lamellar phase. J Am Chem Soc 122 26-34... 

A. Brush Layers of Poly(glutamic acid) and Poly(lysine)... 

FIG. 11 Force profiles between poly(glutamic acid), 2C18PLGA(44), brushes in water (a) at pH = 3.0 (HNO3), (b) at pH 10 (KOH) 1/k represents the decay length of the double-layer force. The brush layers were deposited at tt = 40 mN/m from the water subphase at pH = 3.0 and 10, respectively. 

Peculiar DNA architecture was demonstrated in 25% aqueous ethanol when DNA was complexed with series of cationic detergents in the presence of poly(glutamic acid) [124]. Electron microscopy and x-ray scattering demonstrated that DNA can pack cetyltrimethylammonium bromide molecules into rodlike micelles, which form a hexagonal lattice. Interestingly, circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed that in these complexes DNA adopts left-handed conformation. 

Synthetic Polymers. Synthetic polymers are versatile and offer promise for both targeting and extracellular-intracellular drug delivery. Of the many soluble synthetic polymers known, the poly(amino acids) [poly(L-lysine), poly(L-aspartic acid), and poly(glutamic acid)], poly(hydroxypropylmethacrylamide) copolymers (polyHPMA), and maleic anhydride copolymers have been investigated extensively, particularly in the treatment of cancers. A brief discussion of these materials is presented. 

POLY(AMINO acids). Both anionic [e.g., poly(L-aspartic acid) and poly(glutamic acid)] and cationic [e.g., poly[L-lysine)] poly(amino acids) have been suggested as potential drug carriers. Poly(L-lysine) is a homopolymer cosisting of repeating units of L-lysine. It exhibits some affinity for cancer cells and possesses antimicrobial and antiviral properties. It also shows... 

Hurwitz et al. [256] used a hydrazide derivative of poly(glutamic acid) as a carrier for daunamycin. This was less toxic than free drug against mouse lymphoma in vitro, but it was as effective, or more effective, against the same lymphoma in vivo. 

Arnold, R. J. Reilly, J. P. Observation of tetrahydrofolyl-poly-glutamic acid in bacteria cells by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Anal. Biochem. 2000,281,45-54. 

Uto T, Wang X, Sato K et al (2007) Targeting of antigen to dendritic cells with poly ( /-glutamic acid) nanoparticles induce antigen-specific humoral and cellular immunity. J Immunol 178 2979-2986... 

Polymer Media Alginate (Sodium) Cellulose Sulfate Carboxy- methyl Cellulose Xanthan Carrageenan (A) Gellan Gum Poly Glutamic Acid... 

However, the major reaction following radiolysis of poly glutamic acid is decarboxylation (Hill, D.J.T. Ho, S.Y. O Donnell, J.H. Pomery, P.J. Radiat. Phvs. Chem.. submitted for publication). 

Agresti, C., Tu, Z., Ng, C., Yang, Y., and Liang, J. F. (2008). Specific interactions between diphenhydramine and a-helical poly(glutamic acid)—A new ion-pairing complex for taste masking and pH-controlled diphenhydramine release. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 70 (1), 226-233. 

Reactive derivatives of anthracycline antibiotics were synthesized and attached to polymeric carriers. To bind adriamycin to poly(glutamic acid) and poly(aspartic acid) via ester bonds, Zunino et al. [147] used the reaction of alkylbromides (14-bromodaunorubicin) with the carboxylic group of the carrier. 

Nukui et al. [133] synthesized poly(glutamic acid)-adriamycin conjugates. ADR was conjugated via amide bonds either directly or via an oligopeptide... 

PLL-heme Phosphate buff. (pH 12) Poly(glutamic acid) 1.8 67... 

Interaction of bivalent metal cations with poly(glutamic acid) has been extensively investigated 6-17), including the induction of a-helix formation by transition metal ions. Nevertheless, available data are not sufficient to explain the wide variety of metal-ion-induced conformational changes. 

In general, acidic proteinoids are more active than lysine-rich proteinoids for this reaction. Thermal poly(glutamic acid, threonine) and thermal Poly(glutamic acid, leucine) are the most active of these tested 20>. The activity is gradually decreased by progressive acid hydrolysis20. Compared with natural enzymes, the activity of proteinoid is weak. However the decarboxylation of pyruvic acid by proteinoid obeys Michaelis-Menten kinetics as expressed by the Lineweaver-Burk plot201. In this reaction a small amount of acetaldehyde and acetoin are formed in addition to acetic acid and C02 201. 

Poly(amino acids) are usually copolymers due to the difficulty of producing polyamide sequences poly(glutamic acid-glutamate). The degradation of poly(glutamic acid-glutamate) is dependent on the copolymer ratio, as shown in Figure 7.26, which controls the hydrophi-licity of the polymer. 

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