Poly electroactive polymer

Large third order susceptibilities have recently been observed for trans-polyacetylene, heteroaromatic polymers, and poly[p-phenylene vinylene] (4-11). Such nonlinear phenomena in electroactive polymers due to intense laser irradiation has been linked to the photogeneration of charged solitons on time scales of the order 10 s, and values of (3w-w+w+w)—4x 10 esu for... 

Crown ether-functionalized polyphenylenes are a class of electroactive polymers obtained by electropolymerization (anodic coupling) of (di)benzo- or (bi)naphthalene-crown ethers <1998CCR1211, 1998PAC1253>. Tricyclic triphenyl-ene derivatives, such as 78, can be electrogenerated from benzo-15-crown-5 <1989NJC131> and benzo-18-crown-6 <1992JEC399>. Similarly, the anodic oxidation of dibenzo-crown ethers has produced poly(dibenzo-crown ethers), best represented by 79, where triphenylene moieties are presumably two-dimensionally linked via polyether bridges. 

The field of molecular electronics may be considered to encompass much more than molecular electronic devices. In its broadest context, molecular electronics may be regarded as simply the application of molecules, primarily organic molecules, to electronics. This definition would include such areas as liquid crystalline materials, piezoelectric materials such as poly(vinylidine fluoride), chemically sensitive field-eflFect transistors (CHEMFET), and the whole range of electroactive polymers. These applications are beyond the scope of this book and are covered in other reviews 34, 33). However, given the basic tenet of molecular electronics, namely, the ability to engineer and assemble molecular structures into a useful device, the broader definition raises the question of whether organic molecules can be specifically assembled or engineered for unique applications in electronics. 

Conducting electroactive polymers (CEPs) such as polypyrrole, poly thiophene, polyaniline, and sulfonated polyaniline (1-4 shown subsequently) are complex, dynamic structures that captivate the imagination of those of us involved in intelligent material research.1 2 3 4 5... 

With the water-soluble poly(o-methoxyaniline) (POMA), Mattoso and coworkers162 have reported the self-assembly of multilayer conducting polymer films by depositing alternating layers of the POMA cation and polyanionic dopants such as poly(styrenesulfonate) and poly(vinylsulfonate) onto a glass substrate. This concept has been further developed with POMA by employing the anion of poly(3-thiopheneacetic acid) as the polyanionic dopant, giving novel self-assembled films in which both the cationic and anionic components are electroactive polymers.163... 

K. Kumar, and B.S. Kaith, "Synthesis of Psy-cl-poly(AA) through graft co-polymerization and its use in removal of water from various oil-water emulsions" Second International Conference on Electroactive Polymers, lCEP-2007, Goa, 2007. 

PEC catalysis using polymeric assistance is considered to be a natural outgrowth of polymer assisted electrochemical and photochemical catalysis. Early experiments, mostly combining electroactive polymer films with small band gap semiconductors have demonstrated the feasibility of using such systems in the PEC decomposition of water. Both gaseous H2 and O2 have been separately generated from polymer coated photoelectrodes H2 from poly-Mv2+ films on p-Si and O2 from polypyrrole films on n-CdS. 

Peerce, P. J., Bard, A. J. (1980). Polymer films on electrodes m. Digital simulation model for cyclic voltammetry of electroactive polymer film and electrochemistry of poly(vinylferrocene) on platinum. J Electroanal Chem 114, 89-115. 

Investigated examples include the determination of the spatial distribution of a polymer, solvent and mobile species in poly( -toluidine) [983, 984] and polybithiophene [989] films, film swelling and solvent content in electroactive films containing transition metal complexes [988, 985], postdeposition modified electroactive polymers [986] and organic adsorbate layers [987]. The method allows also the investigation of buried interfaces in bilayer systems of various polymers [988]. 

Huang C, Klein R, Xia F, Li H, Zhang QM, Bauer F, Cheng ZY (2004) Poly(vinyhdene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) based high performance electroactive polymers. IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 11 299... 

Horhold, H.H., Helbig, M., 1987. Poly(phenylenevinylene)s—synthesis and redoxchemistry of electroactive polymers. Makromol. Chem. Macromol. Symp. 12,229-258. 

Electroactive polymers can be divided into three broad classes electronically conducting polymers, such as poly(pyrrole), in which conduction is associated with motion of charge carriers along the chains redox polymers, such as poly(vinylfer-rocene), in which conduction is associated with cross-exchange reactions between discrete redox sites and polymer electrolytes, such as Nafion, in which conduction is associated with ion motions within the film. Examples of polymers from all three classes have been used in bioelectrochemical applications. 

To date studies using electroactive polymers with redox proteins have been much less numerous despite the fact that it should be possible to extend the general principles elucidated by Hill and colleagues using adsorbed monolayers at electrode surfaces to design suitable electroactive polymers for this application. For example studies with poly(5-carboxyindole), a conducting polymer formed by electropolymerization of 5-carboxyindole have shown that it can be used for the direct... 

Stenger-Smith, J. D., Lai, W. W., Irvin, D. J., Yandek, G. R., and Irvin, J. A (2012). Electroactive polymer-based electrochemical capacitors using poly(benzimidazo-benzophenanthroline) and its pyridine derivative poly(4-aza-benzimidazo-benzophenanthroline) as cathode materials with ionic liquid electrol Ae, / Power Sources, 220, pp. 236-242. 

Lee, Y, et al. 2001. A new narrow band gap electroactive polymer Poly[2,5-bis 2-(3,4-ethylene-dioxy)thienyl silole]. Chem Mater 13 2234. 

Park, K. and K. Levon. 1997. Order-disorder transition in the electroactive polymer poly(3-dodecylthiophene). Macromolecules 30 3175. 

Reynolds, J.R., A.R. Katritzky, J. Soloducho, S. Belyakov, G.A. Sotzing, and M. Pyo. 1994. Poly[l,4-bis(pyrrol-2-yl)phenylene] A new electrically conducting and electroactive polymer containing the bipyrrole-phenylene repeat unit. Macromolecules 27 7225-7227. 

Haringer, D., et al. 1999. Poly(5-amino-l,4-naphthoquinone), a novel lithium-inserting electroactive polymer with high specific charge. / Electrochem Soc 146 2393. 

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