Pollution fossil fuel

Pollutant Fossil fuel system (kg/GJ) Coal/synthetic fossil system (kg/GJ) Solar-hydrogen system (kg/GJ)... 

If you detect the cynical position that each group will evaluate the merits of this concept based on their own self-interest, you are correct. This narrow view and the debates it will generate is the primary sources of resistance to implementation of this or any other plan for an effective solution to the related problems of global warming, pollution, fossil fuel depletion, and energy shortages. 

Some people have suggested fusion as a future energy source, based upon abundant supplies of deutrium in water and tritium from lithium and water. Technical problems have so far prevented this from occurring, see ALSO Air Pollution Fossil Fuels. 

Building on this MLP, a new strand of literature has focused on sustainability transitions, where the notion of transition is applied to fundamental environmental challenges in several sectors—including transportation and congestion (especially road traffic), air pollution, fossil fuel depletion, and CO2 emissions, as well as various environmental issues associated with the agricultural and food systems (Geels, 2010,2011). 

Selection of pollution control methods is generally based on the need to control ambient air quaUty in order to achieve compliance with standards for critetia pollutants, or, in the case of nonregulated contaminants, to protect human health and vegetation. There are three elements to a pollution problem a source, a receptor affected by the pollutants, and the transport of pollutants from source to receptor. Modification or elimination of any one of these elements can change the nature of a pollution problem. For instance, tall stacks which disperse effluent modify the transport of pollutants and can thus reduce nearby SO2 deposition from sulfur-containing fossil fuel combustion. Although better dispersion aloft can solve a local problem, if done from numerous sources it can unfortunately cause a regional one, such as the acid rain now evident in the northeastern United States and Canada (see Atmospheric models). References 3—15 discuss atmospheric dilution as a control measure. The better approach, however, is to control emissions at the source. 

C. D. Kalfadehs and E. M. Magee, Evaluation of Pollution Control in Fossil Fuel Conversion Processes, Eiquefaction, Section 1, COED Process, EPA-650/2-74-009e, Environmental Protection Agency, Washiagton, D.C., 1975. 

The analytical mechanisms for predicting the corresponding pollutant formation associated with fossil-fuel-fired furnaces lag the thermal performance prediction capabiUty by a fair margin. The most firmly estabUshed mechanism at this time is the prediction of thermal NO formation (24). The chemical kinetics of pollutant formation is, in fact, a subject of research. 

Natural gas is attractive as a fuel ia many appHcatioas because of its relatively clean burning characteristics and low air pollution (qv) potential compared to other fossil fuels. Combustion of natural gas iavolves mixing with air or oxygen and igniting the mixture. The overall combustion process does not iavolve particulate combustion or the vaporization of Hquid droplets. With proper burner design and operation, the combustion of natural gas is essentially complete. No unbumed hydrocarbon or carbon monoxide is present ia the products of combustioa. 

Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine. Standard gasoline and diesel-powered internal combustion engine vehicles can be converted to mn on hydrogen. These vehicles have often been found considerably less polluting, safer, and more efficient than their fossil fuel-burning counterparts. 

Nuclear power plants of the future are to be designed and operated with the objective of better fiilfiUing the role as a bulk power producer that, because of reduced vulnerabiUty to severe accidents, should be more broadly accepted and implemented. Use of these plants could help stem the tide of environmental damage caused by air pollution from fossil-fuel combustion products (64). 

To alleviate the air pollution problem associated with charcoal kilns and furnaces, the gases from the kiln and furnaces are burned (see Airpollution CONTROLMETHODS). They can be burned with additional fossil fuel to recover heat and steam (110,111), or in afterburners to nearly eliminate visible air pollution and odors (112). 

Atmospheric pollutants released by combustion of fossil fuels fall into two main categories those emitted direcdy into the atmosphere as a result of combustion and the secondary pollutants that arise from the chemical and photochemical reactions of the primary pollutants (see Airpollution). 

Stone and Clarke, Briti-s/j Experience with Tall Stacks for Air Pollution Control on Large Fossil-Fueled Power Plants, American Power Conference, Chicago, 1967. 

Acid rain is the popular term for a very complex environmental problem. Over the past 25 years, evidence has accumulated on changes in aquatic life and soil pH in Scandinavia, Canada, and the northeastern United States. Many believe that these changes are caused by acidic deposition traceable to pollutant acid precursors that result from the burning of fossil fuels. Acid rain is only one component of acidic deposition, a more appropriate description of this phenomenon. Acidic deposition is the combined total of wet and dry deposition, with wet acidic deposition being commonly referred to as acid rain. 

The increasing number of atomic reactors used for power generation has been questioned from several environmental points of view. A modern atomic plant, as shown in Fig. 28-3, appears to be relatively pollution free compared to the more familiar fossil fuel-fired plant, which emits carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, hydrocarbons, and fly ash. However, waste and spent-fuel disposal problems may offset the apparent advantages. These problems (along with steam generator leaks) caused the plant shown in Fig. 28-3 to close permanently in 199T. 

Sulphur molecules are Sg and it can exist in several forms. Its compounds are more acidic than those of oxygen and it may assume covalency up to six. It forms a series of oxides and oxyacids of diverse chemistry. Combustion yields mainly SO2, a cause of atmospheric pollution from sulphur-bearing fossil fuels. 

Combustion processes are the most important source of air pollutants. Normal products of complete combustion of fossil fuel, e.g. coal, oil or natural gas, are carbon dioxide, water vapour and nitrogen. However, traces of sulphur and incomplete combustion result in emissions of carbon monoxide, sulphur oxides, oxides of nitrogen, unburned hydrocarbons and particulates. These are primary pollutants . Some may take part in reactions in the atmosphere producing secondary pollutants , e.g. photochemical smogs and acid mists. Escaping gas, or vapour, may... 

Desulfurization removal of sulfur from fossil fuels to reduce pollution. 

Bolten, J. G, 1983, Risk-Cost, ssessment Methodology for Toxic Pollutants from Fossil Fuel Power Plants, Rand report R-2993-EPRI, June. 

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