Pollution exclusion

Although a few years ago there were indications that the UK insurance market was going to impose a total pollution exclusion on public liability insurance policies, no concrete signs have developed over recent times. Some general... 

As has been mentioned before, Public Liability policies in the main have some form of pollution exclusions attached to them. Property Damage policies, which provide indemnity in the event of damage being caused by named perils, only provide indemnity for removing contamination from that portion of a site... 

PI insurance with any form of pollution exclusion for environmental consultants is not worth the paper it is printed on. Any consultancy that is involved in environmental consultancy work must have the security of knowing that they do not have such an exclusion on their policy. It must be questioned whether a PI policy with any sort of pollution exclusion will provide a sufficient degree of indemnity should the worse happen and a claim is made against the insured and then hence against their PI insurance. 

It is not uncommon for contractors to be held liable for any damage as a result of their activities. Where contracts are dealing with hazardous substances their clients almost certainly require them to assume responsibility for damage caused whilst handling or dealing with the hazardous materials. How can contractors accept such liability with a public liability policy that contains pollution exclusion ... 

Clouds cover roughly two-thirds of our earth s surface and play an important role in influencing global climate by affecting the radiation budget. Cirrus clouds are one example of a cloud type whose optical properties are not accurately known. Cirrus clouds form in the upper troposphere and are composed almost exclusively of non-spherical ice crystal particles. The impact of cloud coverage on dispersion of pollution in the atmosphere is an area of great concern and intensive study. 

This ability to grow in polluted soils and withstand high heavy metal concentrations rests on complex mechanisms involving both avoidance through exclusion of metal ions from the cytoplasm and tolerance of high internal metal concentrations (126), this being often dependent on the induction of specific genes and proteins (126,127). 

Physical separation of granulometric fractions by sedimentation and ultracentrifugation could also help in constraining weathering rates at local scale. The fine fractions are useful when they exclusively contain secondary minerals, that is, when they are not polluted by... 

The vertical distribution of pollutants originates from water movements and sinking of organic particulate matter operating as carriers for lipophilic substances. PFOA enters ocean water exclusively in the surface level and instantaneously establishes... 

You have four choices of equipment (as shown in the following table) to solve a pollution control problem. The choices are mutually exclusive and you must pick one. Assuming a useful life of 10 years for each design, no market value, and a pretax minimum acceptable rate of return (MARR) of 15% per year, rank them and recommend a choice. 

The collection of these data bases include five that are available exclusively from Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA) Pollution Abstracts, Toxicology Abstracts, Ecology Abstracts, Health and Safety Science Abstracts, and Aquatic Pollution and... 

Many chapters in this book, especially those dealing exclusively with LC-MS determination of surfactants and their metabolites, illustrate the power of MS state-of-the-art techniques for accurate determinations of polar organic pollutants in environmental samples. LC-ESI-MS(MS) is of unparalleled value in identifying and characterising degradative products and is a highly valuable tool in elucidating... 

Petroleum, natural gas, and synthetic fuels are excluded from the definition of a hazardous substance, and the definitions of pollutants and contaminants under CERCLA this is known as the Petroleum Exclusion. Although the EPA has the authority to regulate the release or threatened release of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant, the release of petroleum, natural gas, and synthetic fuels from active or abandoned pits or other land disposal units is currently exempt from CERCLA. Such sites cannot use Superfund dollars for cleanup, nor can the EPA enforce an oil and gas operator, landowner, or other individual to clean up a release under CERCLA. Substances exempt include such materials as brine, crude oil, and refined products (i.e., gasoline and diesel fuel) and fractions. 

Standardized techniques and equipment for such investigations are in widespread use. Unfortunately, the same cannot be said for metabolism investigations in aquatic animals. Most of the world s animals exclusive of the insects —over 200,000 known species -- live at least a part of their lives in water over 100 species have major economic importance and they form the populations most often at risk of exposure to a growing number of chemical pollutants, but science remains largely ignorant of the disposition of xenobiotics by intact, living specimens of even the most common of the aquatic animals. 

For the inhabitants of the exclusion zone, situated in a forested region without well-developed economic and social infrastructures, it is of interest to estimate the relative contributions to internal exposure of forest food (berries and mushrooms) and conventional agricultural food (potatoes and milk). Some specialist studies have assumed that forest food represents only a small part of the diet of inhabitants of the exclusion zone, but we would suggest that in fact, it plays a major role. Typically, the consumption of forest food contributes 50% of the internal exposure dose, while for some critical population groups, it can exceed 80%. The definition of the spatial variation in pollution, the prevailing ecological conditions, and the diet should allow a scientifically-based prediction to be made of the internal exposure dose to the local population, and will help to identify the major risk factors within a certain time period following the Chernobyl catastrophe. 

From direct inspection of any lot portion alone, it is not possible to ascertain whether it is a representative sample, or a specimen only. Focus must instead be exclusively on the sampling process. The basic prerequisite for a representative sampling process is that all potential increments from a batch, container, or pipeline have the same probability P of being selected, and that the elements selected are not altered in any way after the sample/increment has been taken. Furthermore, all elements that do not belong to the batch or container must have zero probability of being selected, for example, leftovers at the bottom of the lot, or leftovers in the sampling equipment from previous increments/batches (cross-pollution). 

Cyanide is a known or suspected pollutant in approximately 24 pesticide processes. The primary raw materials that favor the generation of cyanides as either byproducts or impurities are cyanamides, cyanates, thiocyanates, and cyanuric chloride. Cyanuric chloride is used exclusively in the manufacture of triazine pesticides. 

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