Pollution acid rain and

Mcllanby, K. (ed.), "Air Pollution, Acid Rain, and the Environment," Elsevder Science Publishers, Essex, England, 1988. 

Not surprisingly, it s the layer nearest the earth s surface—the troposphere—that is the most easily disturbed by human activities and has the greatest effect on the earth s surface conditions. Among those effects, air pollution, acid rain, and the greenhouse effect are particularly important. 

Gao, S., K. Sakamoto, D. Zhao, D. Zhang, X. Dong, S. Hatakeyama Studies on atmospheric pollution, acid rain and emission control for their precursors in Chongqing, China, Water, Air, and Soil Pollut., 130 (2001) 247-252. 

Hydrocarbons are the primary molecules that our society uses for fuel. Natural gas, gasoline, and oil are all mixtures of hydrocarbons with progressively longer carbon chains in going from gas to oil. All of these fuels, called fossil fuels, are of limited supply and will eventually need to be replaced by other energy sources. Their use also causes environmental problems such as air pollution, acid rain, and global warming (6.3). 

The other major problems associated with fossil fuel use stem from the products of combustion. The chemical equations shown for fossil fuel combustion all produce cartxM dioxide and water. However, these equations represent the reactions under ideal conditions and do not account for impurities in the fuel, side reactions, and incomplete combustion. When these are taken into account, we can identify three major awiron-mental problems associated with the emissitxis of fossil fuel combustion air pollution, acid rain, and global climate change. We discussed acid rain in Chjpter 3 (see Chemistry in the Environment Acid Rain in Section 3.6). Here we will address air pollution and global climate change, which we first touched on in Section 4.1. 

In addition to their limited supply, the products of the combustion of fossil fuels—directly or indirectly formed—contribute to environmental problems including air pollution, acid rain, and global climate change, which involves an increase in Earth s average temperature caused by CO2 emission. 

The demand for environment-friendly fuels requires the removal of organosulfur compounds present in crade-oil fractions. SO2 or SO3 contribute to the formation of acid rain and have an effect on pollution control devices [9]. Very stringent environmental regulations will limit the sulfur levels in diesel fuels in EU to less than 10 ppm by the end of 2010 [10]. The conventional sulfur-compound... 

Wright R.F., Schindler D.W. Interaction of acid rain and global changes Effects on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Water Air Soil Pollut 1995 85 89-99. 

Conventional power plants can pollute the air with particulate matter and the oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon, causing acid rain and other problems. However, with proper scrubbing and filtering at the source, this pollution has been greatly reduced. 

Acid rain and air pollution are very important problems that must be solved in the future because such pollution has major effects on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. At present, one of the most significant problems is removal of NOx, which are produced during high-temperature combustion and are an important group of air contaminants. In particular the decomposition or reduction of nitrogen monoxide (NO) is a major target to be achieved. 

Because of the gaseous nature of many of the important primary and secondary pollutants, the emphasis in kinetic studies of atmospheric reactions historically has been on gas-phase systems. However, it is now clear that reactions that occur in the liquid phase and on the surfaces of solids and liquids play important roles in such problems as stratospheric ozone depletion (Chapters 12 and 13), acid rain, and fogs (Chapters 7 and 8) and in the growth and properties of aerosol particles (Chapter 9). We therefore briefly discuss reaction kinetics in solution in this section and heterogeneous kinetics in Section E. 

ACID RAIN. Acid rain can be simply described as rain that is more acidic than normal. Acid ram is a complicated problem, Caused by air pollution, acid rain s spread and damage involve weather, chemistry, soil, and the life cycles of plants and animals on the land and in the water. 

Wettestad, J. Clearing the Air European Advances in Tackling Acid Rain and Atmospheric Pollution, Ashgate Publishing Company, Brookfield, VT, 2002,... 

Lead content of petrol limited to 0.4 gl 1 Introduced to control the transboundary effects of acid rain and to limit emission of acidifying pollutants Air quality limit values and guide values for sulphur dioxide and suspended particles Limit value for lead in the air... 

Acid Rain and Transported Air Pollutants Implications for Public Policy, 0TA-0-204, U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, DC, June 1984. 

So what are nitrogen oxides Where does they come from And why is there a concern about the amount that enters the atmosphere Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a brownish, highly reactive gas that is present in all urban atmospheres. N02 can irritate the lungs, cause bronchitis and pneumonia, and lower resistance to respiratory infections. Nitrogen oxides are an important precursor both to ozone (Oj) and acid rain, and may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The major mechanism for the formation of NO2 in the atmosphere is the oxidation of the primary air pollutant, nitric oxide (NO). NOx plays a major role, together with VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds), in the atmospheric... 

Hydrocarbon fuels have changed the way we live. Our dependence on them, however, has affected the world around us. The greenhouse effect, global warming, acid rain, and pollution are familiar topics on the news today. Our use of petroleum products, such as oil and gasoline, is linked directly to these problems. 

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