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Poisoning from chemical substances

The inverse value of CPIP (LC50/C2O), which indicates thermodynamic activity, shows which part of the saturating concentration of the substance is lethal therefore, this value can indicate the danger of inhalation poisoning from vapors of this chemical. The lower this value is, the more dangerous the chemical. In addition, as mentioned earlier, the possibility of respiratory poisoning from chemicals with low volatility used in aerosol form must be considered. [Pg.103]

Hydrogen cyanide is extremely toxic hy ingestion, inhalation, skin absorption, and all routes of exposure. An oral dose of 50 mg could be lethal to humans (Patnaik, P. 1999. A Comprehensive Guide to the Hazardous Properties of Chemical Substances, 2nd ed.. New York John Wiley). Symptoms from acute poisoning include labored breathing, shortness of breath, paralysis, unconsciousness, and respiratory failure. Lower doses can cause headache, nausea and vomiting. Oral LDsoin mice is 3.7 mg/kg. Amyl nitrite is an effective antidote. [Pg.366]

As mentioned previously, toxicity is a relative event that depends not only on the toxic properties of the chemical and the dose administered but also on individual and interspecific variation in the metabolic processing of the chemical. The first recognition of the relationship between the dose of a compound and the response elicited has been attributed to Paracelsus (see Section 1.1.3). It is noteworthy that his statement includes not only that all substances can be toxic at some dose but that the right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy, a concept that is the basis for pharmaceutical therapy. [Pg.10]

Constriction of blood vessels, arrhythmia, and even aplastic anemia, caused by ethyl alcohol, methylene chloride, and benzene, respectively, are circulatory system diseases that result from misuse of these chemical substances. Methylene chloride, a paint solvent, reacts in the body to produce carbon monoxide, which replaces oxygen in the hemoglobin molecule. This can cause carbon monoxide poisoning, which can be fatal. [Pg.353]

A reaction to a chemical irritant can feel much like the hangover from excessive consumption of alcohol. It s even possible for somebody to first experience a pleasant up from certain substances, followed by a down (hangover). The withdrawal symptoms, which have been described by Dr. Rea, can be quite intense and often indicate poisoning and detoxification. After the liver has processed the substances, these symptoms tend to disappear. [Pg.143]

Chronic toxicity studies provide information on the long-term health effects of chemical substances. Adverse health effects in exposed animals and subsequent severe damage are known to occur after repeated exposure to low doses over a period of time. The slow accumulation of mercury or lead in the body or after a long latency period from exposure to chemical carcinogens is an example. Chronic or prolonged periods of exposure to chemical substances may also cause adverse effects on the reproduction and behavior of animals and humans. The symptoms caused after chronic exposure usually differ from those observed in acute poisoning from the same chemical. In fact, when exposed to low concentrations of chemical substances, as is the case with chronic toxicity studies, the industrial worker and common public are unaware of the exposure. [Pg.22]

Humans have been aware of and have used potentially poisonous chemical substances for thousands of years. Most of them were derived from plants or occurred naturally in rocks. Only relatively recently have new substances been synthesized most of which are unknown in nature. In recent years we have become accustomed to headlines in our newspapers such as Chemical company poisons our water , The poisons in our food , Poison oil scandal , and so on. In the popular mind the words poison and chemical have become synonymous, which has led to what Alice Ottoboni calls poison-paronoia or news media toxicology . According to Edith Efron in her book The Apocalyptics, this unreasonable fear of chemicals probably started in 1976 when the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency in the United States told newsmen that Most Americans had no idea, until relatively recently,. . . they were often engaging in a grim game of chemical roulette whose result they would not know until many years later . ... [Pg.5]

In conclusion, this is the poison paradox chemicals have useful and beneficial effects but under different conditions the same chemicals can be harmful. Some chemicals can cure our ailments, improve our mood, or make our food taste better others can be used to make valuable products such as brightly coloured paints, parts of computers, or cars, and many kinds of plastic or flame-resistant clothes. There is a multitude of ways in which chemicals enrich our society, yet at the same time, if they are misused or used without respect, they can be hazardous. When a person takes or is given a dose of a drug that is too high, or is exposed to a concentration of a chemical that is too high (say in an industrial accident), adverse consequences inevitably foUow. As Paracelsus commented centuries ago All substances are poisons there is none that is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy ... [Pg.313]

Edible and nonedible plants contain numerous naturally occurring chemical substances that can be toxic if exposures are excessive. Many of these chemicals act as natural pesticides that help protect the plant from insects and other predators. As far as the edible plants are concerned, eating a varied diet containing fresh fruits and vegetables with beneficial properties usually avoids significant risks of poisoning by naturally occurring plant toxins. [Pg.2027]


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