Pluvialis

Oxygen evolution rate of photosynthetic microalga Haematococcus pluvialis depending on light intensity and quality... 

The results of this study may be helpful to understand the light-dependent photosynthetic activity of H. pluvialis. At the same time, the information presented here can be used for enhancing the volumetric biomass productivity of the astaxanthin-accumulating alga. 

Effect of superficial gas velocity on growth of the green microalga Haematococcus pluvialis in airlift photobioreactor... 

The aims of the present work were to culture H. pluvialis in the airlift bioreactor in order to examine the effect of superficial gas velocities on growth of H. pluvialis. 

Figure 1 shows that high superficial gas velocity in the airlift bioreactor obviously inhibited growth of H. pluvialis. In this study, the best superficial gas velocity for growth of H. pluvialis was found at the lower limit of the experiment (0.4 cm s ), which providing the maximum cell density and maximum specific growth rate of 77x10 cells mL (2.79 g L of... 

Figure 1 Growth curve ofH. pluvialis at different superficial gas velocities (Ug=0.4,2, 2.5, 3 cm s" ) in 3L airlift bioreactor (Aa/Ar=3.2).

This work demonstrated that an airlift system was suitable for the cultivation of Haematococcus pluvialis, one of the most effective microorganisms that could produce high potential antioxidant carotenoid, astaxanthin. Aeration was shown to be crucial for a proper growth of the alga in the airlift bioreactor, but it must be maintained at low level, and the most appropriate superficial velocity was found to be at the lower limit of the pump, i.e. 0.4 cm s". ... 

KAJIWARA S, KAKIZONO T, SAITO T, KONDO K, OHTANI T, NISHIO N, NAGAI S and MISAWA N (1995) Isolation and functional identification of a novel cDNA for astaxanthin biosynthesis from Haematococcus pluvialis, and astaxanthin synthesis in Escherichia coli . Plant Mol Biol, 29, 343-52. 

LOTAN T and HIRSCHBERG J (1995) Cloning and expression in E. coli of the gene encoding 3-C-4-oxygenase, that converts (3-carotene to the ketocarotenoid canthaxanthin in Haematococcus pluvialis , FEBS Lett, 364, 125-8. 

Fabregas, J. et al., Two-stage cultures for the production of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis, J. Biotechnol, 89, 65, 2001. 

Borowitzka, M.A., Huisman, J.M., and Osborn, A., Culture of the astaxanthin-pro-ducing green alga Haematococcus pluvialis. I. Effects of nutrients on growth and cell type, J. Appl Phycol, 3, 295, 1991. 

Kobayashi, M., Kakizono, T, and Nagai, S., Astaxanthin production by a green alga. Haematococcus pluvialis accompanied with morphological changes in acetate media, J. Perm. Bioeng., 71, 335, 1991. 

Sarada, R., Usha, T, and Ravishankar, G.A., Influence of stress on astaxanthin production in Haematococcus pluvialis grown under different culture conditions. Process Biochem., 37, 623, 2002. 

Kobayashi, M. and Sakamoto, Y., Singlet oxygen quenching ability of astaxanthin esters from the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis, Biotechnol. Lett., 21, 265, 1999. 

Choubert, G. and Heinrich, O., Carotenoid pigments of green alga Haematococcus pluvialis assay on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, pigmentation in comparison with synthetic astaxanthin and canthaxanthin. Aquaculture, 112, 217, 1993. 

Aquasearch Inc., Haematococcus pluvialis and astaxanthin safety for human consumption, Technical Report TR. 3005-001, 1999. 

Breithaupt DE. 2004. Identification and quantification of astaxanthin esters in shrimp (Pandalus borealis) and in a microalga (Haematococcus pluvialis) by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using negative ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. J Agric Food Chem 52 3870-3875. 

QUANTITATIVE CAROTENOID COMPOSITION (PG/CELL), OBTAINED BY HPLC ANALYSIS, OF H. PLUVIALIS CELLS IN THE STATIONARY PHASE IN CULTURES WITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF NITRATE (G/L), ACETATE AND MALONATE (% W/V)... 

M. Orosa, D. Franqueira, A. Cid and J. Abalde, Analysis and enhancement of astaxanthin accumulation in Haematococcus pluvialis. Biores. Technol. 96 (2004) 373-378. 

Tripathi et al. (2002) studied the biotransformation of phenylpropa-noid intermediates — ferulic acid, con-iferyl aldehyde and p-coumaric acid in free and immobilized cell cultures of Haematococcus pluvialis, which accumulated vanilla flavour metabolites - vanillin, vanillic acid, vanillyl alcohol, protocate-chuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and p-coumaric acid when treated with these precursors, to a range corresponding to vanilla flavour metabolites. 

Tripathi, U., Rao, S.R. and Ravishankar, G.A. (2002) Biotransformation of phenylpropanoid compounds to vanilla flavor metabolites in cultures of FJaematococcus pluvialis. Process Biochemistry 38(3), 419 426. 

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