Plotting, data management

The NONMEM (nonlinear mixed-effects modeling) software (Beal et al. 1992), mostly used in population pharmacokinetics, was developed at the University of California and is presently distributed by Globomax. For data management, post processing and diagnostic plots, the software S-plus (Mathsoft) is frequently used. 

Last but not least, modern data management software is equipped with a powerful report generator. An integrated Excel-compatible spreadsheet, for example, makes it easy to analyze data and to present results in the way the consumer wants to see them. Report workbooks can include result tables, chromatograms, calibration plots, spectra, audit trails, and even custom equations and charts. Every cell, table, and chart updates instantly if any of the source data changes. Thus, the operator never has to worry about consistency. 

In a more sophisticated attempt to look at how progress can be demonstrated over time, the DfES has brought some co-ordination to the content and format of data management and analysis at national level through the introduction and further development of the Pupil Achievement Tracker (PAT) software. This is available to all schools and local authorities. The PAT can plot ... 

With PRO/II it is easy to find the physical properties of components such as density, viscosity, and surface tension as a function of temperature. After opening PRO/II, click on Launch TDB (Thermo Data Manager). Under Data Bank Type click on SIMSCI. Select benzene from the list of components. Click on TempDep in the toolbar, and then select Density, followed by liquid (Figure 1.25). Click on Plot and export the generated data to Excel as shown in Figure 1.26. Other physical properties can be found in the same way. 

For purposes of this paper, the term "Data System" will refer to computer software designed to acquire data from an instrument or laboratory process, to manage and access that data, to analyze the data as required, and to plot and report the data and analysis results. 

MARS is a single program which can acquire data from an instrument or process sensors in real time or background mode, manage the data, analyze the data, and report or plot the data and results. 

The MARS software is adapted and compiled specifically for a given application. The software is organized into modules which can be interchanged as needed for a particular implementation. Most modules comprise a core of management, analysis, reporting, and plotting functions which are used for every implementation. For each application, a data acquisition module is adapted to suit the appropriate instrumentation. In addition, specialized analysis programming is added if required. The acquisition module, the core modules, and the specialized analysis modules, if any, are then linked into a customized application specific version of MARS. 

The methods recommended above for mitigation of on-farm GHG emissions in the fluid milk supply chain were obtained from years of research that evaluated the impact of various practices on each GHG. The research was typically conducted on experimental farm plots under a particular farm management system meaning that the data are relevant for that system with a particular soil type, herd size, and climate, for example, and may not apply to a different farm management system. The impact of a particular mitigation procedure for one GHG on another is also relatively unknovm as well as the impact of the mitigation on more complex interactions such as the total C and N throughout the farm. 

In this chapter, we have advocated the use of a computer for plotting the standard curve and performing the least squares fit procedure. Indeed, computers play a central role in the analytical laboratory for acquiring and manipulating data generated by instruments and for information management. 

Experimental data of Q/I plots are shown in Figure 4.33. These plots show how different soil-management practices affect the potential of soil to supply K+ to plants. Beckett (1972) pointed out that based on Q/I, the potential of a soil to deliver K+ to plants should be dependent of CRK. Furthermore, he pointed out that each plant species should exhibit a critical CRK ratio (CCRK) (Beckett, 1972). Below that ratio, a particular plant species would respond to added K. Note that for a number of different soils, the same CRK would represent different quantities of exchangeable K. In general, the CCRk for most plants, according to Beckett, is around 0.005 (mol L-1)1/2. 

Pitard (1993, Chapter 26) combines aspects of the time plot and variogram to produce a new kind of chart in a subject area Gy (1992, p. 104) calls chrono-statistics. ft resembles a control chart but is not used to track results in real time. Rather, it is applied to past data to analyze the behavior of the process and used by managers as a variation investigation tool. 

Ward and Loftis (1986) recommend the calculation of measures of central tendency, such as arithmetic means, or geometric means if data are highly skewed, and the plotting of these on charts or graphs as the easiest method for communicating differences in environmental quality to the public and environmental managers. Confidence limits should be reported always with measures of central tendency, such as means and lethal concentration (LC)/effective concentration... 

Tooele County agrees to review DCD s daily chemical operations work plans, the hazard plots and the PARs from DCD at least twice daily. After review of the data provided by DCD, and giving consideration to off-post weather station readings and other community conditions, Tooele County will provide DCD and Utah Comprehensive Emergency Management with an appropriate protective action decision (PAD), including which communities would be instructed to evacuate or in-place shelter, specific evacuation routes, designated reception centers, etc. Tooele County will provide PAD updates... 

---