Platinum sputtering

In order to improve the EMF characteristics in the lower S02 gas content rang (<1000 ppm), platinum sputtering on the center sur-face(about 5x10 m in diameter) of the electrolyte(1.3xl0 m in diameter) was attempted. 

For fabrication of a full plastic DSSC, the plastic counter electrode needs to show high performance in keeping with a high-density photocurrent, with characteristics close to those of a platinum counter electrode. 1-V characteristics of plastic DSSCs have been examined. An electrolyte composition of 0.4M Lil, 0.4M TBAI, 0.04M I2, and 0.3 M N-methylbenzimidazole (NMB) in acetonitrile (AN)/MPN (1 1 by volume) was used and N719 as a dye sensitizer of the Ti02 photoanode the 1-V curves are compared in Figure 3.7 for PEDOT-PSS-based counter electrodes and a standard platinum sputtered electrode [29]. 

The question about the conduction mechanism was also studied by Krogh Andersen et al They made long term d.c. experiments on four ammonium zeolites. The cell they used is shown in Fig. 14.2. The electrodes were platinum sputtered on to the pellets. In one type of experiment, the measuring cell was flushed with hydrogen gas saturated with water. The outlet from the cell passed through a vessel with an... 

Platinum-sputtered electrode based on blend of carbon nanotubes and carbon black for polymer electrolyte fuel cell. /. Power Sources, 180, 191-194. 

The dried membranes are then broken in liquid nitrogen. A sample is then cut and placed on mounting cylinder with the cracked surface exposed for observation. It is coated with a gold-platinum sputter coater and observed using a scanning electron microscope. 

Experimental values for tire sputtering efficiency tend to show lower values of a for elements, such as aluminium and mngsten which form stable oxides, compared with the metals such as gold and platinum which do not under normal experimental conditions. This is probably due to the presence of a surface oxide, since industrial sources of argon, which are used as a source of ions for example, usually contain at least 1 ppm of oxygen, which is more than enough to oxidize aluminium and tungsten. 

Other interesting thin-film studies using AES have included the growth of platinum on Ti02- and SrO-terminated (100) SrTiOs single-crystal substrates [2.154], of epitaxial niobium films on (110) T1O2 [2.155], the interaction of copper with a (0001) rhenium surface [2.156], and the characterization of radio-frequency (rf) sputtered TiN films on stainless steel [2.157]. 

Platinum coatings may also be thermally sprayed or sputtered onto the titanium, to provide uniform well-bonded coatings. Titanium rod may also be spiral wound with platinum wire. However, the use of these techniques is limited. 

When LiMn204 electrodes are deposited as thin films on a platinum substrate, either by electron-beam evaporation or radiofrequency (rf) sputtering, structures are sometimes formed that exhibit unusual electrochemical behavior [146, 147]. Such electrodes have been evaluated in solid-... 

To keep the consumption of the valuable platinum low, thin foils have been glued to a graphite support [34] or thin-layers of platinum have been sputtered on to a glass base [59]. Platinum can be used in a particle electrode by plating silica gel with platinum [60], or in a solid polymer electrolyte where platinum is incorporated into a nafion ion exchange membrane [61]. 

Catalysts can be incorporated by the various known methods. So far, sputtered platinum was used. Such films are dense so that the catalyst surface area equals the channel surface. 

Figure 2.39 (a) Schematic representation of the experimental arrangement for attenuated total reflection of infrared radiation in an electrochemical cell, (b) Schematic representation of the ATR cell design commonly employed in in situ 1R ATR experiments. SS = stainless steel cell body, usually coated with teflon P — Ge or Si prism WE = working electrode, evaporated or sputtered onto prism CE = platinum counter electrode RE = reference electrode T = teflon or viton O ring seals E = electrolyte. 

K.G. Kreider, M.J. Tarlov, and J.P. Cline, Sputtered thin-film pH electrodes of platinum, palladium, ruthenium, and iridium oxides. Sens. Actuators B. 28, 167-172 (1995). 

Cu, In, Ga, and Se are codeposited from the solution at room temperature in a three-electrode cell configuration, where the reference electrode is a platinum pseudo-reference, the counter electrode is platinum gauze, and the working electrode is the substrate. The substrates typically used are glass, DC-sputtered with about 1 pm of Mo. In all experiments, the applied potential is -1.0V versus the Pt pseudo-reference electrode. The corresponding current density range for the deposition is 5 to 7 mA/cm2. 

Lightly sputter coat the fractured surfaces with platinum-palladium. 

M. Morita, Y. Iwanaga, and Y. Matsuda, Anodic-oxidation of methanol at a gold-modified platinum electrocatalyst prepared by RE-sputtering on a glassy-carbon support, Electrichim. Acta 36, 947-951 (1991). 

Figure 6.14 Cyclic voltammogram obtained for a multiple-electron-transfer system, where a thin film of sputtered V2O5 on a platinum working electrode has been immersed in an electrolyte solution of propylene carbonate containing LiCI04 (1.0 mol dm ). From Cogan, S. F., Nguyen, N. M Perrotti, S. J. and Rauh, R. D Electroctromism in sputtered vanadium pentoxide , SPIE, 1016, 57-62 (1989). Reproduced by permission of the International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE).

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