Plastic biodegradation

Polystyrene (PS), 7 610t 23 326, 348, 358. See also Polystyrenes Styrene Styrene plastics biodegradation of, 23 376 brominated, 11 470-474 chain transfer to, 23 383 colloidal suspensions, 7 275 crystalline syndiotactic, 23 388 decomposition of, 14 109 effect of orientation on oxygen permeability, 3 393t... 

Potymers—Deterioration—Congresses. 2. Potymets— Biod radation—Congresses. 3. Plastics—Deterioration— Congresses. 4.Plastics—Biodegradation—Congresses. I. Glass,... 

In spite of announced production increase, PHA still represents today very few percent (1.6% in 2013) vs. all bioplastics. According to the European Bioplastics Association, in 2012 production capacities amounted to approximately 1.4 million ton (defining bioplastics as partly or fully bio-based plastics, biodegradable, or both). Market data of European Bioplastics forecasts production capacities will multiply by 2017—to more than 6 million ton. While PHA still has a minor production whereas drop in solutions such as bio-based PE and PET have taken a major place [73]. 

Maddever, W.J. and Chapman, G.M. (1987) Making plastics biodegradable using modified starch additions, in Proceedings of the SPI Symposium on Degradable Plastics, Washington, DC, p. 41. 

Plastics-Environmental aspects. 2. Plastics-Health aspects. 3. Plastics-Biodegradation. I. Title. TD798.A53 2015 628.4 4-dc23... 

It should be noted that cellophane, the first transparent packaging material, is biodegradable, but it and other biodegradable ceUulosic materials (such as paper) are not included in this discussion because they are not plastics. Biodegradable plastics designed primarily for medical apphcations, personal hygiene products, agricultural products, textiles, and so on also are not included. 

Plastics biodegradation could be aerobic or anaerobic, depending upon the environment in which they are degrading, and biodegradation is measured by the amount of carbon by-products that are produced by the biodegradation process in which the sum of all the carbon by-products is equal to the total amount of carbon in the non-degraded material. 

The high sensitivity and accuracy of XPS, coupled with low analysis depth and the detailed ehemical information it provides, make it an ideal analytical tool for studying surfaces important in biological contexts. XPS analysis has been used to detect the oxidation states of titanium in thin films as an indication of biocompatibility, with thinner films having a higher proportion of titanium dioxide. Modifications to PET polymer surfaces by marine bacteria were also detected by XPS, which may be the initial stages of plastic biodegradation. 

Figure 8.5 General mechanism of plastic biodegradation under aerobic conditions [33]...

FuUer, M. (2005) Technical survey of environmentally degradable plastics. Proceedings of Sustainable Plastics Biodegradability versus Recycling, Manchester UK. 

Industrial compost is a viable end-of-life option for compostable plastics but not traditional plastics. Compostable plastics biodegrade under industrial composting conditions (Greene 2007b Greene 2008 Greene 2009). 

PLA, PHA, starch, and other compostable plastics biodegraded in an industrial compost and an in-vessel industrial compost (Greene 2007a). 

The work of plastics biodegradation is thus less about making the effects of ongoing disposal-oriented consumerism disappear, since even degradation... 

AS 4736 Biodegradable plastics - biodegradable plastics suitable for composting and other microbial treatment (Australian standard)... 

AS 5810 Biodegradable plastics - Biodegradable plastics suitable for home composting (2010)... 

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