Plasticity of Soils

BS 4618 Section 4.5, The presentation of plastics design data The effect on plastics of soil burial and biological attack, 1974. 

Table 1.3 Plasticity of soils related to plastic index...

The choice between the types of additive to use for stabilisation depends almost exclusively on the plasticity of soil material. For a soil material with low to medium plasticity, a cement additive may be used, while lime additive is used for medium- to high-plasticity soils. Pulverised fuel ash, normally with lime, is used in soils with little or low plastic fines. 

The sealed construction method is used to construct a horizontal tunnel. This method creates a great deal of soil, and depending upon the digging method used, this soil might be pasty and very heavy, which makes it difficult to move by truck. Hence it is necessary to modify the soil properties. One method employs superabsorbent polymers. In the following, plasticization of soil paste in a sealed constmction method will be introduced. 

The demands on insulating materials in soil and fresh water are relatively low. Anodically evolved oxygen makes the use of aging-resistant insulating materials necessary. These consist of special types of rubber (neoprene) and stabilized plastics of polyethylene, and polyvinylchloride, as well as cast resins such as acrylate, epoxy, polyester resin and many others. 

Clay. This material is found at the surface of the earth and often is the major component of soils. The material is plastic when wetted, but becomes hard and brittle when dried and heated. It is composed mainly of hydrous aluminum silicates as well as other minerals. 

Ichikawa M., Matsuoka M. and Mori K. (1995). Plastic effects of soiled bedding on the structure of synapses in rat accessory olfactory bulb. Synapse 21, 104-109. 

The growth containers used in the soil studies were the same plastic vials (3.2-cm diameter x 10-cm deep) utilized in the other experiments, and 80 g of soil was added to each container. 

Fig. 9.4 Effect of soil solarization on root galling in tomato plants in soil infested by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in plastic greenhouse in Sothem Italy. On the left a tomato root from solarized soil, on the right a root from nonsolarized soil, deformed by large galls...

Antoniou PP, Tjamos EC, Panagopoulos CG (1995) Use of soil solarization for controlling bacterial canker of tomato in plastic houses in Greece. Plant Pathol 44 438-447. doi 10.1111/j. 1365-3059.1995.tb01666.x... 

Gonzales-Torres R, Melero-Vara JM, Gomez-Vazquez J, Jimenez-Diaz RM (1993) The effects of soil solarization and soil fumigation on Fusarium wilt of watermelon grown in plastic houses in south-eastern Spain. Plant Pathol 42 858-864... 

Kluepfel DA, Nyczepir AP, Lawrence JE, Wechter WP, Leverentz B (2002) Biological control of the phytoparasitic nematode Mesocriconema xenoplax on peach trees. J Nematol 34 120-123 Kodama T, Fukui T (1982) Solar heating in closed plastic house for control of soil borne diseases. Application for control of Fusarium wilt of strawberry. Ann Phytopathol Soc Japan... 

Kumar B, Yaduraju NT, Ahuja KN, Prasad D (1993) Effect of soil solarization on weeds and nematodes under tropical Indian conditions. Weed Res 33 423-429 Kurt S, Emir B (2004) Effect of soil solarization, chicken litter and viscera on populations of soilborne fungal pathogens. Plant Pathol J 3 118-124 Kyrikou I, Briassoulis D (2007) Biodegradation of agricultural plastic films a critical review. 

Mushobozy D, Khan VA, Stevens C (1998) The use of soil solarization to control weeds, plant diseases, and integration of chicken litter amendment for tomato production in Tanzania. In Proceedings of the 27th national agricultural plastics congress of american society for plasti-culture, p 279-285... 

Uses Synthesis of dyes flocculants polymers or copolymers (ployacrylamides) as plastics, adhesives, soil conditioning agents sewage and waste treatment ore processing permanent press fabrics. 

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