Fusarium wilt

Larena, I., Melgarejo, R, and De Cal, A., Drying of conidia of Penicillium oxalicum, a biological control agent against Fusarium wilt of tomato, J. Phytopath., 151, 600, 2003. 

Fusarium oxysporum fsp. radicis-lycopersici Jarvis and Shoemaker (FORE) (Jarvis and Shoemaker, 1978) [1] is a pathogen of tomato which, with the arrival of intensive tomato culture under glass, has developed to serious proportions [2]. This forma specialis of F. oxysporum affects largely the root and crown tissues of tomato and the symptoms occur as foot and root rot. FORL isolates are pathogenic on tomato plants with genes for resistance to races 1 and 2 of Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. fsp. lycopersici (Sacc.) Snyd. Hans (FOL), that cause the common Fusarium wilt of the tomato. However, although resistance to FORL has been found and incorporated into commercial cultivars, the disease is a severe problem in wide areas of the North Hemisphere [3-9]. 

Alabouvette C (1990), Biological control of Fusarium wilt pathogens in suppressive soils , in Hornby D, Biological Control of Soil Borne Pathogens, CAB International, Wallingford, 27 15. 

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Martyn RD, Hartz TK (1986) Use of soil solarization to control Fusarium wilt of watermelon. Plant Dis 70 762-766... 

Tamietti G, Valentino D (2006) Soil solarization as an ecological method for the control of Fusarium wilt of melon in Italy. Crop Prot 25 389-397. doi 10.1016/j.cropro.2005.07.002 Ten Berge HFM (1990) Heat and water transfer in bare topsoil and the lower atmosphere. Center Agric. Publ. Doc. (Pudoc), Wageningen... 

Stevenson, P.C. and Veitch, N.C., A 2-arylbenzofuran from roots of Cicer bijugum associated with Fusarium wilt resistance, Phytochemistry, 48, 947, 1998. 

Mandavia, M.K., Khan, N.A., Gajera, H.P., Andharia, J.H. Parameswaran, M. Inhibitory effects of phenolic compounds on fungal metabolism in host-pathogen interactions in Fusarium wilt of cumin. Allelopathy J 2000 7 85-92. 

Leeman, M., Denouden, E.M., Vanpelt, J.A., Dirkx, F., Steijl, H., Bakker, P.A.H.M., Schippers, B. Iron availability affects induction of systemic resistance to fusarium wilt of radish by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Phytopathology 1996 86 49-55. 

Larkin, R.P., Hopkins, D.L., Martin, F.N. Effect of successive watermelon plantings on Fusarium oxysporum and other microorganisms in soils suppressive and conducive to Fusarium wilt of watermelon. Phytopathology 1993 83 1097-1105. 

Ramaraj B., ShanmugamN., Reddy D.A. Biocontrol of Macrophomina root rot of cowpea and Fusarium wilt of tomato by using VAM fungi. In Mycorrhizae for green Asia. AMahadevan ed. Proc. 1st Asian Conf Mycorrhizae, University of Madras, Madras, India 1988 pp. 250-251. 

Plant wilts while soil is moist. Cause Fusarium wilt. Fusarium spp. fungi sometimes infect astilbes, causing wilting unrelated to adequate soil moisture. Young plants wilt quickly, while older ones turn pale green and lower leaves wilt. Stems show brown streaks that darken gradually grayish pink mold may appear. Remove and destroy infected plants... 

Lower leaves yellow, wilt, and die. Cause Fusarium wilt. Other symptoms of this common fungal disease include yellowing and wilting of 1 side of plant only drooping flower heads stunted mature plants dark brown areas on stems and partial or total root decay. Once introduced on diseased plants or transmitted by wind, water, or handling, Fusarium wilt lives on indefinitely in soil. There is no cure. Remove infected plants and dispose of them in sealed containers in household trash. Never plant China asters in the same location 2 years in a row. Wilt-resistant cultivars are available, but they are not completely immune. 

Plant wilts cut-open roots are discolored. Cause Verticillium or Fusarium wilt. There is no cure for these diseases. They are caused by a number of fungi, each of which attack only Sftecific plants or plant families. Pull and destroy infected plants. Avoid planting susceptible members of the same plant family for 3 or more years in soil where disease symptoms have developed. 

Cause Fusarium wilt. As the disease progresses, vines fail to recover, and die. Destroy infected plants. Prevent problems by planting resistant muskmelon cultivars, such as Pulsar , Saticoy , Savor , and Starship , and resistant watermelon cultivars, such as All Sweet , Crimson Sweet , Dixie Lee , and Sweet Favorite . 

Older leaves yellow shoots or whole plant wilts. Cause Fusarium or Verticillium wilt. Fusarium wilt and Verticillium wilt are both fungal diseases and are difficult to tell apart. Both Fusarium and Verticillium wilt begin as a yellowing and wilting of the lower leaves. 

Wilted plants have Fusarium wilt. Destroy infected plants. This fungal disease thrives in warm (70°-80°F) soil, so avoid problems by raising spinach while the soil is cool in spring or fail. 

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