Plasma sodium neonatal

Intraosseous administration is a feasible alternative to intravenous injection of some antimicrobial agents (sodium ampicillin or amoxicillin, cefotaxime, gentamicin or amikacin sulfate) in neonatal foals (less than 7 days of age). This particularly applies in the treatment of septicemia in neonatal foals that are in a state of septic shock or dehydration or both. The plasma concentration profiles for amikacin administered intraosseously and intravenously to neonatal foals are similar (Fig. 4). ... 

Penicillin G is available in injectable formulations. The sodium and potassium salts (crystalline penicillin) are water-soluble formulations and may be injected i.v., i.m. or s.c. They rapidly produce high plasma concentrations but have very short half-lives, so must be administered frequently. The potassium salt must be administered more carehilly than the sodium salt, as rapid i.v. administration can cause cardiac arrhythmias. These formulations are frequently used for their Grampositive activity in life-threatening diseases and conditions such as surgical colic, neonatal septicemia and clostridial myositis. 

Two classes of polyionic fluid are available, those for resuscitation and those for maintenance. Maintenance fluids (Normosol-M), Plasma-lyte M, Plasmalyte-56, contain higher potassium (15-30 mEq/1 (15-30 mmol/1)) and lower sodium (40-60 mEq/1 (40-60 mmol/1)) and chloride (40-60 mEq/1 (40-60 mmol/1)) concentrations than resuscitation fluids (Normosol-R), Plasma-lyte 148, Isolec, lactated Ringer s solution. Currently, maintenance fluids are not available commercially in volumes of greater than 1 liter, which has led to the practice of adding potassium chloride (at 10-20 mEq/1) to resuscitation formulas so that they can be used as maintenance fluids in equine medicine. Commercial maintenance fluids should be considered as a treatment option in equine neonates. 

Clinicopathologic effects of rapid infusion of 5% sodium bicarbonate in 5% dextrose in the horse. Journai of the American Veterinary Medicai Association 178 267-271 Runk D T, Madigan J E, Rahai C J et al 2000 Measurement of plasma colloid osmotic pressure in normal thoroughbred neonatal foals. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 14 475-478... 

The variability associated with drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract can be overcome by using a parenteral preparation (dosage form). It should preferably be administered either by intravenous infusion or slow intravenous injection to avoid circulatory overload. Intraosseous administration is a useful alternative to intravenous injection of some antimicrobial agents (e.g. sodium ampicillin or amoxycillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, gentamicin or amikacin sulphate) in neonatal foals (Fig. 7.1) (Golenz et al, 1994) and puppies (Lavy et al, 1995). This particularly applies when the neonate is in a state of septic shock and/or dehydration. Total plasma protein concentration is an inaccurate index of hydration status unless monitored (repeatedly measured) and interpreted in conjunction with packed cell volume (PCV). 

Plasma levels of calcium and phosphate generally reflect periods of rapid bone growth, which occur in the neonatal and juvenile ages they later show a gradual decline with age. Some age-related variations of sodium potassium and chloride in mice and rats have been reported (Nachbaur et al. 1977 Frith, Suber, and Umholtz... 

The levels of the photoisomers of biliiubin were determined in neonatal plasma extracts using a C,g column (A = 455 nm) and a 32-min 80/20 -> 30/70 (60/40 DMSO/waler [0.1 M sodium acetate buffer at pH 4.95])/acetonitiile gradient [1613]. Good peak shapes and resolution were obtained. All peaks were identified. 

The only disorder of the y-glutamyl cycle for which treatment principles have been developed is glutathione synthetase deficiency (9.2) [1]. The initial symptoms in the neonatal period may be metabolic acidosis and jaundice. Acidosis usually needs to be corrected with sodium bicarbonate, THAM or sodium citrate. Patients may benefit from oral administration of vitamin E (10 mg/kg/day) and vitamin C (100 mg/kg/day). Trials have also been made with N-acetylcysteine and glutathione esters which increased glutathione in leukocytes and plasma. Both these compounds lead to increased intracellular levels of glutathione. However, no decrease in the excretion of 5-oxoprolinuria has been reported. 

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